62
Pathway
Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis
Pantothenate, also called vitamin B5, is a nutrient that everyone requires in their diet. The nutrient gets its name from the greek word “pantothen” which means “from everywhere.” The reason it is called this is because pantothenic acid is found in almost every food. It is a precursor of coenzyme A, which is an essential part of many reactions in the body, specifically important in the production of compounds like cholesterol and different fatty acids. Most of pantothenic acid is found in food as phosphopentetheine or coenzyme A. Pantothenic acid, pantetheine 4’-phosphate and pantetheine are all found in red blood cells. The 6 step process in which coenzyme A is created begins with the creation of pantothenic acid from pantetheine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme pantetheinase. Pantothenic acid then works with pantothenate kinase 1 to produce D-4’-phosphopantothenate. This compound quickly becomes 4’phosphopantothenoylcysteine through the enzyme phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase. 4’phosphopantothenoylcysteine then uses phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase to create pantetheine 4’-phosphate. This compound then undergoes two reactions, both resulting in the production of dephospho-CoA; the first reaction uses ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1, the second uses bifunctional coenzyme A synthase. In the final step of coenzyme A synthesization, bifunctional coenzyme A synthase catalyzes dephospho-CoA into coenzyme A.
Metabolic
PW000032
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext32
2250
2800
#000099
PathwayVisualization42
62
Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis
Pantothenate, also called vitamin B5, is a nutrient that everyone requires in their diet. The nutrient gets its name from the greek word “pantothen” which means “from everywhere.” The reason it is called this is because pantothenic acid is found in almost every food. It is a precursor of coenzyme A, which is an essential part of many reactions in the body, specifically important in the production of compounds like cholesterol and different fatty acids. Most of pantothenic acid is found in food as phosphopentetheine or coenzyme A. Pantothenic acid, pantetheine 4’-phosphate and pantetheine are all found in red blood cells. The 6 step process in which coenzyme A is created begins with the creation of pantothenic acid from pantetheine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme pantetheinase. Pantothenic acid then works with pantothenate kinase 1 to produce D-4’-phosphopantothenate. This compound quickly becomes 4’phosphopantothenoylcysteine through the enzyme phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase. 4’phosphopantothenoylcysteine then uses phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase to create pantetheine 4’-phosphate. This compound then undergoes two reactions, both resulting in the production of dephospho-CoA; the first reaction uses ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1, the second uses bifunctional coenzyme A synthase. In the final step of coenzyme A synthesization, bifunctional coenzyme A synthase catalyzes dephospho-CoA into coenzyme A.
Metabolic
1
78
27
SubPathway
147
448
Compound
8
844
Intestinal Microflora
SubPathway
1366
2097
Compound
8
1365
2959
Compound
8
69
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
62
Pathway
70
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
62
Pathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
6
Myocyte
CL:0000187
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
51
Picea sitchensis
3332
Eukaryote
Sitka spruce
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
18
Melanosome Membrane
GO:0033162
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
25
Golgi Apparatus
GO:0005794
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
20
Endoplasmic Reticulum Lumen
GO:0005788
21
Synapse
GO:0045202
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
53
Endoplasmic Reticulum Body
GO:0010168
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
40
Periplasm
GO:0042597
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
19
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0016529
26
Golgi Apparatus Membrane
GO:0000139
8
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005790
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
4
Adrenal Medulla
BTO:0000049
71
8
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
28
Stomach
BTO:0001307
155
26
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
11
Heart
BTO:0000562
73
10
6
Kidney
BTO:0000671
71
8
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
9
Muscle
BTO:0000887
141
18
14
10
1
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PW_BS000132
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10
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1
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1887
Pantetheine
HMDB0003426
Pantetheine is the mercaptoethyl conjugated amide analogue of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). The dimer of this compound, pantethine is more commonly known, and is considered to be a more potent form of vitamin B5 than pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A by the body. An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.
496-65-1
C00831
479
16753
PANTETHEINE-P
466
CC(C)(CO)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS
C11H22N2O4S
InChI=1S/C11H22N2O4S/c1-11(2,7-14)9(16)10(17)13-4-3-8(15)12-5-6-18/h9,14,16,18H,3-7H2,1-2H3,(H,12,15)(H,13,17)
ZNXZGRMVNNHPCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
278.368
278.130027892
FDB023172
(r)-pantetheine;D-pantetheine;Lbf;Lactobacillus bulgaricus factor;Pantotheine
PW_C001887
Panethn
1144
14
4610
2
5758
140
78443
115
78638
132
120847
405
122269
124
123428
376
124822
118
125834
478
126433
299
127287
209
128001
388
1420
Water
HMDB0002111
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).
7732-18-5
C00001
962
15377
937
O
H2O
InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
18.0153
18.010564686
FDB013390
Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;Wasser
PW_C001420
H2O
55
8
94
9
109
5
139
4
151
3
162
14
481
13
526
15
624
28
652
10
691
20
770
33
823
18
838
2
1094
31
1377
49
1465
54
1590
43
2018
24
2532
22
2678
60
2727
46
2778
17
2805
29
3143
70
3164
72
3634
61
4598
36
4727
37
4941
93
5030
27
5156
7
5195
97
5214
100
5227
94
5236
103
5297
105
5319
111
5343
113
5355
112
5402
110
5470
123
5483
125
5492
126
5507
127
5534
130
5537
114
5541
129
5591
135
5608
118
5622
108
5691
6
5759
140
5778
101
5841
143
5853
146
5877
107
5890
95
5910
147
5940
151
6032
155
6059
157
6087
161
6123
163
6133
159
6215
1
6218
166
6477
178
6507
180
6600
152
6713
117
6840
188
6888
160
7162
205
7181
207
7193
206
7211
211
7228
213
7238
214
7243
215
7295
198
7350
216
7388
210
7401
212
7467
222
7492
224
7500
190
7588
170
8201
225
8237
226
8414
162
9265
26
11850
277
11922
164
12011
281
12213
285
12250
286
12264
287
12327
249
12520
227
12632
65
12693
290
12705
291
12715
292
13007
298
13019
300
13025
301
13037
302
13261
223
13327
294
15340
308
42327
315
42695
318
43691
322
76914
293
77019
253
77102
132
77131
133
77215
134
77378
331
77397
332
77471
333
77516
115
77536
334
77628
336
77722
337
77759
341
77816
343
77982
347
78071
329
78235
352
78242
353
78270
356
79113
360
80014
368
80039
370
80591
228
80656
119
93830
383
94794
384
110557
390
110639
391
115844
398
119879
232
119915
122
119963
406
120008
407
120046
408
120113
124
120365
412
120430
405
120438
409
120606
415
120794
414
121158
425
121240
429
121351
121
121381
419
121607
434
122118
382
122384
436
122753
120
122797
374
122804
443
123012
446
123064
376
123072
137
123131
447
123142
136
123162
448
123231
451
123384
450
123730
460
123810
464
123940
455
124165
469
124670
399
124938
471
124945
472
125305
297
125353
479
125386
481
125424
482
125480
299
125682
483
125707
478
125745
487
126054
490
126238
495
126273
484
126764
480
126896
501
126963
502
127017
388
127177
208
127199
209
127227
504
127506
507
127576
515
127836
389
128082
395
128176
513
140674
790
140675
834
140755
185
136
Pantothenic acid
HMDB0000210
Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life. Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is thus critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, and royal jelly.
79-83-4
C00864
988
7916
PANTOTHENATE
963
DB01783
CC(C)(CO)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O
C9H17NO5
InChI=1S/C9H17NO5/c1-9(2,5-11)7(14)8(15)10-4-3-6(12)13/h7,11,14H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,10,15)(H,12,13)/t7-/m0/s1
GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N
219.235
219.110672659
FDB011817
(+)-pantothenate;(+)-pantothenic acid;(d)-(+)-pantothenate;(d)-(+)-pantothenic acid;(r)-pantothenate;Chick antidermatitis factor;D(+)-n-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-b-alanine;D(+)-n-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine;D-pantothenate;D-pantothenic acid;Pantothenate;Vitamin b5;Delta-pantothenate;Delta-pantothenic acid;Racemic
PW_C000136
VitB5
557
15
1145
14
5760
140
5796
108
7074
188
42647
315
77603
114
78444
115
120468
409
120848
405
123102
137
123429
376
125714
483
125835
478
127205
208
127288
209
1750
Cysteamine
HMDB0002991
Cysteamine is a product of the constitutive degradation of coenzyme A, a process that occurs in all tissues, although some tissues such as brain and heart may have exceptionally high coenzyme A turnover rates. Cysteamine has only one known function, and that is as a precursor for the formation of hypotaurine, which is subsequently oxidized to taurine. The rate of cysteamine production as a result of coenzyme A breakdown is not well understood but it is clear that cysteamine levels are not as dramatically affected by dietary habits as are cysteine levels. Cysteamine is generated from hypotaurine by cysteamine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.19), an enzyme that was recently identified in mammals (PMID: 17581819). Cysteamine is the simplest stable aminothiol found in the body. It is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cysteine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria. Cyst(e)amine may also serve as an endogenous regulator of immune system activity as well as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Huntington disease. Cysteamine is also used as a radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. -- Wikipedia.
60-23-1
C01678
6058
17141
CPD-3721
5834
DB00847
NCCS
C2H7NS
InChI=1S/C2H7NS/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2
UFULAYFCSOUIOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
77.149
77.029919919
FDB023091
(2-mercaptoethyl)amine;2-amino-1-ethanethiol;2-aminoethanethiol;2-aminoethyl mercaptan;2-mercaptoethanamine;Aminoethyl mercaptan;Becaptan;Cash;Cisteamina;Cysteamide;Cysteamin;Cysteamine;Cysteinamine;Decarboxycysteine;Ethanethiolamine;Lambraten;Lambratene;Mecramine;Mercamin;Mercamine;Mercaptamin;Mercaptamine;Merkamin;Riacon;Thioethanolamine;B-aminoethanethiol;B-aminoethylthiol;B-mercaptoethylamine;Beta-aminoethanethiol;Beta-aminoethylthiol;Beta-mercaptoethylamine;2-amino-ethanethiol;Beta-mea;Mea;Mercaptamina;Mercaptaminum;β-aminoethanethiol;β-aminoethylthiol;B-mea;β-mea;β-mercaptoethylamine;Cysteaminium
PW_C001750
Cystamn
1146
14
1233
8
5761
140
78445
115
79012
111
120849
405
120925
122
123430
376
123492
135
125836
478
127289
209
414
Adenosine triphosphate
HMDB0000538
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
56-65-5
C00002
5957
15422
ATP
5742
DB00171
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H16N5O13P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
507.181
506.995745159
FDB021813
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acid
PW_C000414
ATP
9
2
21
4
60
8
266
16
414
22
478
13
733
32
799
5
934
39
976
3
2105
18
2112
10
2146
49
2156
14
2160
58
2405
59
2434
27
2726
46
2812
29
3029
66
3163
72
3616
61
3617
51
4399
23
4474
31
4768
91
4864
54
5032
89
5035
26
5155
7
5205
97
5215
100
5250
104
5291
101
5313
111
5346
112
5390
103
5406
117
5430
118
5443
120
5542
129
5556
132
5569
133
5603
135
5621
108
5846
143
5854
146
5876
107
5897
147
5924
151
6048
155
6109
161
6230
166
6493
178
6839
188
6870
160
6976
199
7157
205
7184
206
7209
210
7225
213
7229
211
7298
198
7302
216
7390
217
7408
218
7432
163
7481
222
7499
190
8186
225
11847
277
11903
170
12010
281
12039
164
12178
285
12578
226
12691
290
13264
223
15327
308
42326
315
42621
322
42694
318
77028
253
77218
134
77233
329
77468
333
77632
336
78037
332
78041
350
78168
128
78214
351
78240
353
78411
335
78494
115
78850
130
78865
331
78919
334
80028
368
80046
184
80674
119
85629
1
94826
124
113234
94
113282
388
116280
109
119914
122
119992
406
120154
407
120245
382
120362
412
121246
429
121392
123
121397
433
121471
408
121974
410
122065
125
122079
383
122083
405
122402
422
122444
435
122919
399
123009
446
123816
464
123951
447
123956
468
124029
374
124527
444
124616
136
124630
398
124634
376
124943
472
124972
375
125011
470
125304
297
125371
479
125392
299
125515
481
125595
484
126123
485
126220
300
126234
495
126240
478
126547
491
126596
499
126913
501
127123
389
127731
516
127781
395
127796
390
127801
209
128119
508
128167
517
140770
891
804
D-4'-Phosphopantothenate
HMDB0001016
D-4'-Phosphopantothenate is a product of the enzyme pantothenate kinase [EC 2.7.1.33] and is involved in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway (KEGG). D-4'-Phosphopantothenate is an intermediate in coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathway. Coenzyme A is a cofactor of ubiquitous occurrence in plants, bacteria, and animals. It is needed in a large number of enzymatic reactions central to intermediary metabolism, including the oxidation of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids.
C03492
131
15905
4-P-PANTOTHENATE
128
CC(C)(COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O
C9H18NO8P
InChI=1S/C9H18NO8P/c1-9(2,5-18-19(15,16)17)7(13)8(14)10-4-3-6(11)12/h7,13H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,10,14)(H,11,12)(H2,15,16,17)/t7-/m0/s1
XHFVGHPGDLDEQO-ZETCQYMHSA-N
299.2149
299.077003069
FDB022373
(r)-4'-phosphopantothenate;4'-p-pantothenate;4'-phosphopantothenate;D-4'-phosphopantothenate;D-4'-phosphopantothenic acid
PW_C000804
4PP
1148
8
5763
101
5798
108
7076
188
42649
315
78447
111
120852
122
123432
135
125838
297
127290
205
1034
Adenosine diphosphate
HMDB0001341
Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.
58-64-0
C00008
6022
16761
ADP
5800
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H15N5O10P2
InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N
427.2011
427.029414749
FDB021817
Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acid
PW_C001034
ADP
23
4
134
8
415
22
482
13
801
5
963
15
978
3
1061
14
1518
2
1901
49
2104
18
2113
10
2161
58
2408
59
2435
27
2728
47
2736
46
2855
29
3165
72
3635
61
4400
23
4476
31
4770
91
5036
26
5157
7
5208
97
5217
100
5315
111
5349
112
5392
103
5446
120
5544
129
5572
133
5624
108
5741
117
5764
101
5849
143
5856
146
5878
107
5899
147
5926
151
6050
155
6111
161
6231
166
6495
178
6700
94
6841
188
6872
160
7159
205
7187
206
7208
210
7226
213
7231
211
7300
198
7303
216
7391
217
7410
218
7433
163
7483
222
8187
225
11851
277
11905
170
12013
281
12180
285
13262
223
15329
308
42328
315
42398
313
42622
322
42696
318
77029
253
77087
132
77216
134
77306
329
77472
333
77663
336
78039
332
78043
350
78170
128
78215
351
78244
353
78414
335
78495
115
78705
331
78849
130
78920
334
80030
368
80622
118
80651
135
80676
119
94827
124
113283
388
116204
109
119944
122
119994
406
120156
407
120318
382
120366
412
121248
429
121394
123
121399
433
121472
408
121899
383
121976
410
122064
125
122085
405
122405
422
122445
435
122973
399
123013
446
123818
464
123953
447
123958
468
124030
374
124452
398
124529
444
124615
136
124636
376
124947
472
124975
375
125012
470
125334
297
125373
479
125492
299
125517
481
125645
484
126125
485
126219
300
126235
495
126242
478
126550
491
126597
499
126915
501
127733
516
127780
395
127797
390
127803
209
128122
508
128168
517
128313
389
57
Cytidine triphosphate
HMDB0000082
Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) or CTP is a cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to a ribose moiety at the 5' position. CTP is integral to the synthesis or mRNA, rRNA and tRNA through RNA polymerases. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is also critical to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the enzyme CTP: phosphocholine cytidyltransferase. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.
65-47-4
C00063
6176
17677
CTP
5941
DB02431
NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C9H16N3O14P3
InChI=1S/C9H16N3O14P3/c10-5-1-2-12(9(15)11-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(24-8)3-23-28(19,20)26-29(21,22)25-27(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H2,10,11,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1
PCDQPRRSZKQHHS-XVFCMESISA-N
483.1563
482.984511771
FDB012833
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) cytidine;5'-ctp;Ctp;Cytidine 3'-triphosphate;Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Cytidine 5'-triphosphate;Cytidine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Cytidine 5-prime-triphosphate;Cytidine triphosphate;Cytidine mono;Cytidine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);Cytidine-5'-triphosphate;Deoxycytosine triphosphate;H4ctp
PW_C000057
CTP
427
23
1150
8
2718
2
5766
101
5800
108
7077
188
7593
160
9137
195
9142
213
12194
164
12510
288
15285
151
15317
249
15342
22
15374
18
34759
17
42650
315
77315
128
78448
111
78733
132
79949
134
79957
130
79964
329
80416
170
94784
384
94812
125
94817
382
98677
223
110633
391
113268
395
113273
389
115525
136
115530
399
120328
410
120854
122
121340
121
122212
124
122983
444
123434
135
124764
118
125654
485
125840
297
126374
299
127292
205
127935
388
448
L-Cysteine
HMDB0000574
Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteine's nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid (Wikipedia). Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from baldness to psoriasis to preventing smoker's hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).
52-90-4
C00097
5862
17561
CYS
5653
DB00151
N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
C3H7NO2S
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N
121.158
121.019749163
DBMET00503
FDB012678
(+)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid;(r)-(+)-cysteine;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoic acid;(r)-cysteine;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;3-mercapto-l-alanine;Acetylcysteine;B-mercaptoalanine;Carbocysteine;Cisteina;Cisteinum;Cystein;Cysteine;Cysteinum;Free cysteine;Half-cystine;L cysteine;L-(+)-cysteine;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;L-cystein;L-cysteine;Polycysteine;Thioserine;Alpha-amino-beta-thiolpropionic acid;Beta-mercaptoalanine;C;Cys;E920;L-zystein;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate
PW_C000448
Cys
174
8
1867
2
2864
9
2870
15
5767
101
5801
108
6756
117
6759
107
7078
188
7496
224
7594
160
8256
227
8260
225
12012
281
12269
151
42651
315
43730
322
77778
111
77795
113
77796
132
80704
135
120125
122
120131
124
120580
126
122863
118
123210
443
125491
297
125498
299
127029
205
127035
388
64
Cytidine monophosphate
HMDB0000095
Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine. Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates. The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO2. Next, aspartate undergoes a condensation reaction with carbamoyl-phosphate to form orotic acid. In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted into dihydroorotic acid by Dihydroorotase. The latter is converted to orotate by Dihydroorotate oxidase. Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit with Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (aka "PRPP transferase") catalyzing reaction, yielding orotidine monophosphate (OMP). Orotidine-5-phosphate is decarboxylated by Orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase. Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP) have been prescribed for the treatment of neuromuscular affections in humans. Patients treated with CMP/UMP recover from altered neurological functions. Additionally, the administration of CMP/UMP appears to favour the entry of glucose in the muscle and CMP/UMP may be important in maintaining the level of hepatic glycogen constant during exercise. [PMID:18663991].
63-37-6
C00055
6131
17361
CMP
5901
NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C9H14N3O8P
InChI=1S/C9H14N3O8P/c10-5-1-2-12(9(15)11-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(20-8)3-19-21(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H2,10,11,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1
IERHLVCPSMICTF-XVFCMESISA-N
323.1965
323.051850951
FDB011882
5'-cmp;5-cytidylate;5-cytidylic acid;Cmp;Cytidine 5'-monophosphate;Cytidine 5'-monophosphorate;Cytidine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Cytidine 5'-phosphate;Cytidine 5'-phosphorate;Cytidine 5'-phosphoric acid;Cytidine mono(dihydrogen phosphate);Cytidine monophosphate;Cytidylate;Cytidylic acid;Cytidine-5'-monophosphate;Pc;Cytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid
PW_C000064
CMP
1151
8
2512
14
2734
2
3386
18
4972
56
5768
101
5802
108
7079
188
7595
160
9147
249
9151
224
9257
195
12196
164
12210
151
15274
285
15336
308
15373
49
34815
17
42652
315
78449
111
78488
115
78573
130
78736
132
79953
134
79969
331
80421
170
94791
384
94821
383
98680
223
110637
391
113277
390
115535
398
120855
122
121346
121
122216
124
122487
405
122605
125
123435
135
124768
118
125053
376
125177
136
125841
297
126378
299
126641
478
126752
300
127293
205
127940
388
128217
209
128346
395
170
Pyrophosphate
HMDB0000250
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.
14000-31-8
C00013
644102
18361
PPI
559142
DB04160
OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O
H4O7P2
InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)
XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
177.9751
177.943225506
FDB021918
(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ion
PW_C000170
Ppi
12
2
35
4
63
8
429
23
735
32
882
22
1217
3
1620
49
2410
59
2815
29
4175
14
4868
54
5034
89
5252
104
5294
101
5409
117
5424
103
5433
118
5458
120
5548
111
5559
132
5584
133
5606
135
5655
108
5879
107
6239
166
6978
199
7073
188
7134
163
7272
160
7312
198
7318
213
8275
151
8283
210
11869
161
12002
222
12041
164
12315
225
12323
249
12512
288
12579
226
12695
290
15219
306
15375
18
34760
17
42561
315
42697
318
77235
329
77317
128
77635
336
78416
335
78928
331
79153
112
79950
134
79958
130
80047
372
80417
170
85630
1
94786
384
94814
125
94819
382
98678
223
110634
391
113270
395
113275
389
115527
136
115532
399
119934
122
120017
124
120032
406
120330
410
120936
407
121261
429
121341
121
121486
383
122407
422
122985
444
123502
119
123831
464
124044
398
124977
375
125324
297
125395
299
125410
479
125597
484
125656
485
125876
481
126552
491
126869
205
126935
388
126950
501
127337
206
128124
508
140772
891
872
4'-Phosphopantothenoylcysteine
HMDB0001117
4'-Phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) is an intermediate in the biosynthetic machinery (pathway) that converts pantothenate (vitamin B5) into coenzyme A (CoA). The enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of PPC into 4'-phosphopantetheine. Coenzyme A is the principal acyl carrier and is required for many synthetic and degradative reactions in intermediary metabolism, and is an essential cofactor in all living systems (PMID: 15450493, 16371361, 14501115).
7196-09-0
C04352
440304
15769
R-4-PHOSPHOPANTOTHENOYL-L-CYSTEINE
389278
CC(C)(COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
C12H23N2O9PS
InChI=1S/C12H23N2O9PS/c1-12(2,6-23-24(20,21)22)9(16)10(17)13-4-3-8(15)14-7(5-25)11(18)19/h7,9,16,25H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,13,17)(H,14,15)(H,18,19)(H2,20,21,22)/t7-,9-/m0/s1
XQYALQVLCNHCFT-CBAPKCEASA-N
402.358
402.086187546
FDB022432
(r)-4'-phospho-n-pantothenoyl-l-cysteine;(r)-n-[n-[2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butyl]-b-alanyl]-l-cysteine;(r)-n-[n-[2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butyl]-beta-alanyl]-l-cysteine;4'-p-n-pantothenoylcysteine;4'-phospho-n-pantothenoylcysteine;4'-phosphopantothenoyl-l-cysteine;4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine;4-p-n-pantothenoylcysteine;N-((r)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl)-l-cysteine;N-((r)-4-phosphopantothenoyl)-l-cysteine;Pantothenoylcysteine 4'-phosphate;(r)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-l-cysteine;N-[(r)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl]-l-cysteine
PW_C000872
4'PPCys
1152
8
5769
101
5803
108
7080
188
7596
160
42653
315
78450
111
120856
122
123436
135
125842
297
127294
205
1093
Pantetheine 4'-phosphate
HMDB0001416
Pantetheine 4'-phosphate, or 4'-phosphopantetheine, is a metabolite in the pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway. It can be generated from Pantatheine (via pantothenate kinase 1) or R-4'-Phospho-pantothenoyl-L-cysteine (via phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase) or Dephospho-CoA (via 4'-phosphopantetheine adenylyl-transferase and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase). In most mammals, coenzyme A can be hydrolyzed to pantetheine and pantothenate in the intestinal lumen via the following series of reactions: coenzyme A leads to phosphopantetheine leads to pantetheine leads to pantothenate. The conversion of 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) to dephospho-CoA, is catalyzed by 4'-phosphopantetheine adenylyl-transferase. In mammalian systems, this step may occur in the mitochondria or in the cytosol. (PMID: 1746161) It has been identified as an essential cofactor in in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, polyketides, depsipeptides, peptides, and compounds derived from both carboxylic and amino acid precursors. In particular it is a key prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) and aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) derived from Coenzyme A. Phosphopantetheine fulfils two demands. Firstly, the intermediates remain covalently linked to the synthases (or synthetases) in an energy-rich thiol ester linkage. Secondly, the flexibility and length of phosphopantetheine chain (approximately 2 nm) allows the covalently tethered intermediates to have access to spatially distinct enzyme active sites.
2226-71-3
C01134
987
16858
PANTETHEINE-P
962
CC(C)(COP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS
C11H23N2O7PS
InChI=1S/C11H23N2O7PS/c1-11(2,7-20-21(17,18)19)9(15)10(16)13-4-3-8(14)12-5-6-22/h9,15,22H,3-7H2,1-2H3,(H,12,14)(H,13,16)(H2,17,18,19)
JDMUPRLRUUMCTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
358.348
358.096358302
FDB022609
4'-phosphopantetheine;4'-phosphopantotheine;D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate;Pantetheine 4'-phosphate;Pantotheine-4'-phosphate;Phospho-pantotheine;Phosphopantetheine;Psh-4'-p
PW_C001093
PTE-4P
1154
8
5770
101
78451
111
120859
122
123438
135
125844
297
127296
205
1316
Carbon dioxide
HMDB0001967
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.
124-38-9
C00011
280
16526
274
O=C=O
CO2
InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3
CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
44.0095
43.989829244
DBMET00423
FDB014084
Carbon oxide;Carbon-12 dioxide;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;[co2];Co2;E 290;E-290;E290;R-744
PW_C001316
CO2
50
8
121
1
204
4
480
13
503
18
640
3
677
31
695
20
806
5
1133
43
1638
49
1745
2
2551
17
3144
70
5283
103
5320
111
5750
108
5771
101
5968
100
6026
155
6078
161
6471
178
6637
107
6922
190
7017
160
7035
163
7061
188
7163
205
7308
198
7333
213
7461
222
7530
210
8215
225
8223
151
9158
249
11849
277
11908
170
12464
226
12688
290
42626
315
43523
318
76994
293
77122
133
77170
132
77470
333
77739
112
77750
129
77763
341
78077
134
78405
356
78427
334
78941
331
79227
130
80008
368
80675
119
80717
135
94836
384
113291
391
115549
121
119954
406
120089
122
120155
407
120364
412
120556
414
120833
419
120922
124
120991
408
121284
125
121505
383
122744
120
123011
446
123190
450
123418
455
123489
118
123556
374
123855
136
124063
398
125344
479
125460
297
125516
481
125824
490
125870
299
125931
482
126280
480
126887
501
127052
206
127277
507
127331
388
127390
502
140798
185
1170
Flavin Mononucleotide
HMDB0001520
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5?-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues.
146-17-8
C00061
643976
17621
FMN
559060
DB03247
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C17H21N4O9P
InChI=1S/C17H21N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,25,26)(H2,27,28,29)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1
FVTCRASFADXXNN-SCRDCRAPSA-N
456.3438
456.104614802
FDB001984
Fmn;Flanin;Flavine mononucleotide;Flavol;Riboflavin;Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavin 5'-phosphate;Riboflavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin monophosphate;Riboflavin phosphate;Riboflavin-5'-phosphate na;Riboflavin-5-phosphate;Riboflavine 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavine 5'-phosphate;Riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate;Riboflavine monophosphate;Riboflavine phosphate;Riboflavine-5'-phosphate;Vitamin b2 phosphate;Flavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
PW_C001170
FlvnMnt
539
8
1190
14
1692
2
4961
31
5772
101
11900
211
12313
225
77519
115
77590
111
78730
132
120433
405
120454
122
121929
124
123067
376
123088
135
124482
118
125698
297
126104
299
127190
205
127312
209
127686
388
140703
49
2959
D-Pantothenoyl-L-cysteine
HMDB0006834
D-Pantothenoyl-L-cysteine is involved in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway. D-Pantothenoyl-L-cysteine can be converted into (R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine or Pantetheine by type I pantothenate kinase [EC:2.7.1.33] or [4.1.1.30], respectively.
C04079
440217
18416
389202
CC(C)(CO)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O
C12H22N2O6S
InChI=1S/C12H22N2O6S/c1-12(2,6-15)9(17)10(18)13-4-3-8(16)14-7(5-21)11(19)20/h7,9,15,17,21H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,13,18)(H,14,16)(H,19,20)/t7-,9-/m0/s1
QSYCTARXWYLMOF-CBAPKCEASA-N
322.378
322.119857136
FDB024110
N-((r)-pantothenoyl)-l-cysteine;N-pantothenoylcystein;D-pantothenoyl-l-cysteine
PW_C002959
DPLc
1156
8
5774
101
78453
111
120862
122
123440
135
125846
297
127298
205
1061
Dephospho-CoA
HMDB0001373
Dephospho-CoA is an intermediate in Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. It is a substrate for Bifunctional coenzyme A synthase which contains the dephospho-CoA kinase (EC:2.7.1.24), This enzyme catalyzes the final step in CoA biosynthesis, the phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of ribose using ATP as a phosphate donor. The reaction is: ATP + 3'-dephospho-CoA = ADP + CoA.
3633-59-8
C00882
439335
15468
DEPHOSPHO-COA
388463
CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS
C21H35N7O13P2S
InChI=1S/C21H35N7O13P2S/c1-21(2,16(32)19(33)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-44)8-39-43(36,37)41-42(34,35)38-7-11-14(30)15(31)20(40-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-32,44H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,25,26)/t11-,14-,15-,16?,20-/m1/s1
KDTSHFARGAKYJN-DRCCLKDXSA-N
687.554
687.148877955
FDB022585
3'-dephospho-coa;3'-dephospho-coenzyme a;3'-o-dephosphono-coa;3'-o-dephosphono-coenzyme a;Dephospho-coa;Dephospho-coenzyme a;Dephosphocoenzyme a
PW_C001061
Dph-CoA
1157
8
5775
101
5806
108
7082
188
42655
315
78454
111
120865
122
123441
135
125847
297
127299
205
1099
Coenzyme A
HMDB0001423
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4'-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4'-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA'. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia).
85-61-0
C00010
6816
1146900
CO-A
6557
CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS
C21H36N7O16P3S
InChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1
RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N
767.534
767.115208365
FDB022614
Acetoacetyl coenzyme a sodium salt;Coa;Coa hydrate;Coa-sh;Coash;Coenzyme a;Coenzyme a hydrate;Coenzyme a-sh;Coenzyme ash;Coenzymes a;Depot-zeel;Propionyl coa;Propionyl coenzyme a;S-propanoate;S-propanoate coa;S-propanoate coenzyme a;S-propanoic acid;S-propionate coa;S-propionate coenzyme a;Zeel;[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl 3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate
PW_C001099
CoA
211
4
386
8
845
3
879
22
892
17
2407
59
2414
2
2459
5
2813
29
2862
31
3342
11
3351
18
4618
10
4629
58
4842
14
4865
54
4879
6
5232
102
5247
104
5280
103
5477
124
5734
108
5777
101
6023
155
6075
161
6384
1
6468
178
6930
160
6961
162
6973
199
7083
188
7108
163
7293
198
7347
210
7458
222
8229
151
9081
226
9090
224
9124
170
9215
195
13013
299
15318
249
25488
49
42616
315
76907
293
77119
133
77222
134
77230
329
77292
111
77550
132
77555
334
77563
112
77633
336
77672
129
77996
115
78047
332
78056
350
78413
335
78567
130
79259
333
79974
331
80005
368
80620
118
80627
374
80635
119
80665
376
93828
382
93834
383
98674
288
110555
389
110561
390
115842
399
115847
398
119951
406
120147
405
120231
384
120305
122
120634
407
120762
117
121406
123
121421
433
121521
125
121666
429
121682
408
121714
414
122404
422
122741
120
122904
121
122960
135
123965
447
123979
468
124079
136
124220
464
124265
450
124974
375
125341
479
125509
478
125579
480
125592
484
125634
297
126084
481
126549
491
126560
482
126746
300
126884
501
127046
209
127109
391
127301
205
127540
206
127667
388
128121
508
128133
502
128340
395
140751
186
140763
185
140767
891
32
Adenosine monophosphate
HMDB0000045
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
61-19-8
C00020
6083
16027
AMP
5858
DB00131
NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1
C10H14N5O7P
InChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N
347.2212
347.063084339
DBMET00485
FDB021806
5'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosine
PW_C000032
AMP
11
2
34
4
62
8
270
16
734
32
881
22
1189
14
4572
5
4867
54
5033
89
5251
104
5408
117
5423
103
5432
118
5457
120
5558
132
5583
133
5779
101
5795
108
6977
199
7072
188
11789
198
11868
161
11988
151
12003
222
12580
226
12636
31
12694
290
13331
225
42266
3
42646
315
77234
329
77325
111
78392
334
78809
115
79320
112
80399
1
80684
135
80900
7
119916
122
120016
124
120031
406
120246
382
120888
405
121954
408
122920
399
123464
376
124507
374
125306
297
125394
299
125409
479
125596
484
126853
205
126934
388
126949
501
127124
389
127311
209
127711
502
140771
891
353
Calcium
HMDB0000464
Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.
14127-61-8
C00076
271
29108
CA%2b2
266
DB01373
[Ca++]
Ca
InChI=1S/Ca/q+2
BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
40.078
39.962591155
FDB003513
Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ion
PW_C000353
Ca2+
276
16
303
8
553
14
601
2
941
15
993
21
997
35
1046
3
1163
46
1164
47
1478
49
1491
42
1552
43
2116
58
2138
17
2796
18
2937
9
3159
71
3160
72
3942
29
4186
66
4782
10
4822
28
5340
111
5780
101
7179
205
7232
211
7258
160
7281
190
11774
213
11837
198
11842
210
12198
164
12215
285
15288
151
15350
308
69336
1
77389
331
77600
115
78154
132
78266
356
78526
345
78724
130
78908
114
80413
74
80589
228
81826
51
120220
122
120465
405
121049
124
121300
418
121377
419
121850
383
121923
125
122370
409
122895
135
123099
376
123613
118
123870
454
123936
455
124403
398
124476
136
124924
137
125571
297
125711
478
125981
489
126009
299
126050
490
126533
495
127203
209
127434
506
127460
388
127502
507
128105
390
140676
790
140677
834
140695
50
2097
Pantothenol
HMDB0004231
In cosmetics, panthenol is a humectant, emollient and moisturizer. It binds to hair follicles readily and is a frequent component of shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.1-1%). It coats the hair and seals its surface, lubricating follicles and making strands appear shiny. Panthenol is the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and is thus the provitamin of B5. In organisms it is quickly oxidized to pantothenate. Panthenol is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature, but salts of pantothenic acid (for example sodium pantothenate) are powders (typically white). It is well soluble in water, alcohol and propylene glycol, soluble in ether and chloroform, and slightly soluble in glycerin.
16485-10-2
C05944
4678
895821
PANTOTHENOL
4516
CC(C)(CO)C(O)C(=O)NCCCO
C9H19NO4
InChI=1S/C9H19NO4/c1-9(2,6-12)7(13)8(14)10-4-3-5-11/h7,11-13H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,10,14)
SNPLKNRPJHDVJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
205.2515
205.131408101
FDB008430
(+)-panthenol;(+-)-pantothenyl alcohol;(r)-2,4-dihydroxy-n-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide;2,4-dihydroxy-n-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide;Alcool dl-pantotenilico;Alcopan-250;Bepanthen;Bepanthene;Bepantol;Compnent of ilopan-choline;D(+)-panthenol;D(+)-pantothenyl alcohol;D-(+)-2,4-dihydroxy-n-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyramide;D-(+)-panthenol;D-(+)-pantothenyl alcohol;D-p-a injection;D-panthenol;D-panthenol 50;D-pantothenol;D-pantothenyl alcohol;Dl-pantothenol;Dexpantenol;Dexpanthenol;Dexpanthenolum;Dextro pantothenyl alcohol;Dl-panthenol;Dl-pantothenyl alcohol;Fancol dl;Ilopan;Intrapan;Motilyn;N-pantoyl-3-propanolamine;N-pantoyl-propanolamine;Panadon;Pantenol;Pantenolo;Pantenyl;Panthenolum;Panthoderm;Pantol;Pantothenyl alcohol;Pantothenylol;Penthenol;Provitamin b;Provitamin b5;Synapan;Thenalton;Urupan;Varitan;Zentinic
PW_C002097
Pnthol
1160
8
5781
101
78457
111
120868
122
123444
135
125849
297
127303
205
423
Magnesium
HMDB0000547
Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.
22537-22-0
C00305
888
18420
13-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP
865
DB01378
[Mg++]
Mg
InChI=1S/Mg/q+2
JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
24.305
23.985041898
FDB003518
Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+
PW_C000423
Mg2+
86
8
227
4
268
16
476
2
727
26
811
5
819
18
883
22
936
39
983
3
992
21
1167
46
1483
49
1529
43
1764
14
2124
10
2411
59
2942
23
3126
29
3373
7
4540
31
4774
91
4869
54
4974
56
5253
104
5329
111
5356
112
5376
103
5906
147
5934
151
6038
155
6094
161
6250
166
6484
178
6594
164
6881
160
6979
199
7170
205
7194
206
7227
213
7233
211
7250
214
7310
216
7313
198
7473
222
11763
132
11843
210
12312
225
12324
249
12513
288
12581
226
12729
290
15275
285
15337
308
77137
133
77236
329
77937
336
78393
334
78417
335
78489
115
78522
331
78536
356
78574
130
80020
368
80045
184
80048
372
80623
118
80654
135
80865
15
80965
253
81841
51
93832
383
94900
27
108596
223
110559
390
115687
398
119974
406
120070
122
120247
382
120702
407
120981
408
121181
124
121265
429
121319
419
121924
125
122086
405
122408
422
122759
120
122921
399
123307
119
123546
374
123835
464
123889
455
124477
136
124637
376
124978
375
125447
297
125598
484
125669
479
125777
481
125921
482
125947
299
125973
495
126000
490
126243
478
126553
491
126753
300
127125
389
127164
501
127380
502
127407
388
127451
507
127804
209
128125
508
128347
395
140773
891
1687
Pantetheinase
O95497
Amidohydrolase that hydrolyzes specifically one of the carboamide linkages in D-pantetheine thus recycling pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and releasing cysteamine.
HMDBP01934
VNN1
6q23-q24
BC096266
1
3.5.1.92
1147
14
6237
166
963
Pantothenate kinase 1
Q8TE04
Plays a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration (By similarity).
HMDBP01026
PANK1
10q23.31
BK000008
1
2.7.1.33
1149
8
2258
2
141862
26
2191
Phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase
Q9HAB8
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5, where cysteine is conjugated to 4'-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine.
HMDBP03007
PPCS
1p34.2
BC012383
1
6.3.2.5
1153
8
2253
Phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase
Q96CD2
Necessary for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A. Catalyzes the decarboxylation of 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to form 4'-phosphopantotheine.
HMDBP03116
PPCDC
15q24.2
AC015720
1
4.1.1.36
1155
8
1662
Bifunctional coenzyme A synthase
Q13057
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the fourth and fifth sequential steps of CoA biosynthetic pathway. The fourth reaction is catalyzed by the phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase, coded by the coaD domain; the fifth reaction is catalyzed by the dephospho-CoA kinase, coded by the coaE domain. May act as a point of CoA biosynthesis regulation.
HMDBP01886
COASY
17q12-q21
CH471152
1
2.7.7.3; 2.7.1.24
1158
8
114
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
P22413
Involved primarily in ATP hydrolysis at the plasma membrane. Plays a role in regulating pyrophosphate levels, and functions in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification. In vitro, has a broad specificity, hydrolyzing other nucleoside 5' triphosphates such as GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP to their corresponding monophosphates with release of pyrophosphate and diadenosine polyphosphates, and also 3',5'-cAMP to AMP. May also be involved in the regulation of the availability of nucleotide sugars in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and the regulation of purinergic signaling. Appears to modulate insulin sensitivity.
HMDBP00119
ENPP1
6q22-q23
AF110288
1
3.1.4.1; 3.6.1.9
1159
8
1191
14
4573
2
315
Pantetheinase
1
PW_P000315
334
1687
1
316
Pantothenate kinase 1
1
PW_P000316
335
963
2
317
Phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase
1
PW_P000317
336
2191
2
318
Phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase
1
PW_P000318
337
2253
3
141
1170
3
319
Bifunctional coenzyme A synthase
1
PW_P000319
338
1662
1
320
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
1
PW_P000320
339
114
2
142
423
2
2364
14
834
false
PW_R000834
Right
3378
1887
1
Compound
false
3379
1420
1
Compound
true
3380
136
1
Compound
false
3381
1750
1
Compound
true
383
315
3.5.1.92
835
false
PW_R000835
Right
3382
136
1
Compound
false
3383
414
1
Compound
true
3384
804
1
Compound
false
3385
1034
1
Compound
true
384
316
2.7.1.33
836
false
PW_R000836
Right
3386
57
1
Compound
true
3387
804
1
Compound
false
3388
448
1
Compound
false
3389
64
1
Compound
true
3390
170
1
Compound
true
3391
872
1
Compound
false
385
317
6.3.2.5
837
false
PW_R000837
Right
3392
1887
1
Compound
false
3393
414
1
Compound
true
3394
1093
1
Compound
false
3395
1034
1
Compound
true
386
316
2.7.1.33
838
false
PW_R000838
Right
3396
872
1
Compound
false
3397
1093
1
Compound
false
3398
1316
1
Compound
true
387
318
4.1.1.36
434
false
PW_R000434
Right
1799
414
1
Compound
true
1800
2959
1
Compound
false
1801
1034
1
Compound
true
1802
872
1
Compound
false
388
316
2.7.1.33
839
false
PW_R000839
Right
3399
1093
1
Compound
false
3400
414
1
Compound
true
3401
1061
1
Compound
false
3402
170
1
Compound
true
389
319
840
false
PW_R000840
Right
3403
414
1
Compound
true
3404
1061
1
Compound
false
3405
1034
1
Compound
true
3406
1099
1
Compound
false
390
319
841
false
PW_R000841
Both
3407
1061
1
Compound
false
3408
1420
1
Compound
true
3409
1093
1
Compound
false
3410
32
1
Compound
true
391
320
1860
1887
14
81
false
1500
285
10
regular
200
190
1861
1420
14
49
false
1195
220
10
regular
78
78
1862
136
14
81
false
395
275
10
regular
200
190
1863
1750
14
81
false
725
220
10
regular
200
190
1864
414
8
42
false
370
515
10
regular
50
30
1865
804
8
81
false
395
800
10
regular
200
190
1866
1034
8
43
false
370
735
10
regular
50
30
1867
57
8
81
false
195
980
10
regular
200
190
1868
448
8
81
false
410
1160
10
regular
200
190
1869
64
8
81
false
770
793
10
regular
200
190
1870
170
8
45
false
838
1156
10
regular
63
43
1871
872
8
81
false
965
981
10
regular
200
190
1872
414
8
42
false
1480
585
10
regular
50
30
1873
1093
8
81
false
1500
980
10
regular
200
190
1874
1034
8
43
false
1480
770
10
regular
50
30
1875
1316
8
52
false
1416
933
10
regular
78
78
1876
1170
8
9
false
1272
1026
10
regular
100
35
1877
414
8
42
false
945
1481
10
regular
50
30
1878
2959
8
81
false
965
1561
10
regular
200
190
1879
1034
8
43
false
945
1251
10
regular
50
30
1880
414
8
81
false
1685
1195
10
regular
200
190
1881
1061
8
82
false
2225
938
10
regular
300
280
1882
170
8
45
false
2098
1211
10
regular
63
43
1883
414
8
42
false
2250
1243
10
regular
50
30
1884
1034
8
43
false
2255
1443
10
regular
50
30
1885
1099
8
82
false
2225
1488
10
regular
300
280
1886
1420
8
49
false
2095
858
10
regular
78
78
1887
32
8
44
false
1735
890
10
regular
50
30
1888
353
8
9
false
1907
948
10
regular
100
25
10535
2097
8
81
false
1745
1571
10
regular
200
190
716
1687
14
2
false
955
95
8
subunit
regular
150
70
717
963
8
6
false
415
602
8
subunit
regular
160
80
718
2191
8
6
false
615
1035
8
subunit
regular
160
80
719
963
8
6
false
1520
647
8
subunit
regular
160
80
720
2253
8
16
false
1232
1031
8
subunit
regular
170
90
721
963
8
6
false
985
1341
8
subunit
regular
160
80
722
1662
8
2
false
1875
1100
8
subunit
regular
150
70
723
1662
8
2
false
2300
1318
8
subunit
regular
150
70
724
114
8
6
false
1877
953
8
subunit
regular
160
80
669
315
42
14
709
716
670
316
42
8
710
717
671
317
42
8
711
718
672
316
42
8
712
719
673
318
42
8
713
720
284
1876
2713
Cofactor
674
316
42
8
714
721
675
319
42
8
715
722
676
319
42
8
716
723
677
320
42
8
717
724
285
1888
2730
Cofactor
2692
M1600 285 C1600 201 1480 130 1105 130
5
false
18
2693
M1234 220 C1235 186 1209 127 1105 130
5
false
18
2694
M495 275 C495 196 557 132 955 130
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2695
M825 220 C826 185 883 128 955 130
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2696
M495 465 C495 495 495 572 495 602
5
false
18
2697
M420 530 C454 531 495 572 495 602
5
false
18
2698
M495 800 C495 770 495 712 495 682
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2699
M420 750 C453 748 495 712 495 682
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2700
M395 1075 C425 1075 585 1075 615 1075
5
false
18
2701
M495 990 C494 1044 585 1075 615 1075
5
false
18
2702
M510 1160 C510 1106 585 1075 615 1075
5
false
18
2703
M870 983 C868 1061 805 1075 775 1075
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2704
M869.5 1156 C862.5 1108 855 1076 775 1075
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2705
M965 1076 C935 1076 805 1075 775 1075
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2706
M1600 475 C1600 505 1600 617 1600 647
5
false
18
2707
M1530 600 C1558 600 1600 617 1600 647
5
false
18
2708
M1600 980 C1600 950 1600 757 1600 727
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2709
M1530 785 C1560 785 1600 757 1600 727
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2710
M1165 1076 C1195 1076 1202 1076 1232 1076
5
false
18
2711
M1500 1075 C1470 1075 1432 1076 1402 1076
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2712
M1455 1011 C1455 1052 1432 1076 1402 1076
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2713
M-250 50 L-250 100 L-200 50 z
10
true
18
2714
M995 1496 C1023 1496 1065 1484 1065 1421
5
false
18
2715
M1065 1561 C1065 1531 1065 1451 1065 1421
5
false
18
2716
M995 1266 C1025 1267 1064 1288 1065 1341
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2717
M1065 1171 C1065 1201 1065 1311 1065 1341
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2718
M1703 1138 C1733 1138 1845 1135 1875 1135
5
false
18
2719
M1785 1195 C1785 1167 1818 1134 1875 1135
5
false
18
2720
M2223 1139 C2193 1139 2055 1135 2025 1135
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2721
M2129.5 1211 C2130.5 1182 2115 1133 2025 1135
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2722
M2300 1258 C2333 1257 2375 1288 2375 1318
5
false
18
2723
M2375 1218 C2375 1248 2375 1288 2375 1318
5
false
18
2724
M2305 1458 C2336 1458 2375 1418 2375 1388
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2725
M2375 1488 C2374 1441 2375 1418 2375 1388
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2726
M2220 995 C2157 994 2067 993 2037 993
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2727
M2134 936 C2131 985 2104 993 2037 993
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2728
M1701 994 C1738 993 1847 993 1877 993
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2729
M1760 920 C1758 969 1799 995 1877 993
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2730
M-250 50 L-250 100 L-200 50 z
10
true
18
3531
M510 1350 C510 1380 510 1455 510 1485
5
false
18
true
M 907.5 1342.9903810567666 L 900 1330 L 892.5 1342.9903810567666
false
16614
M1845 1761 C1847 1971 1690 2120 1550 2121
83
false
18
true
M 1962.423015724279 2212.593533422756 L 1950 2221 L 1963.4917214740976 2227.5554139202172
false
16615
M1065 1751 C1067 1995 1280 2117 1400 2121
83
false
18
true
M 1457.5 1838.0096189432334 L 1465 1851 L 1472.5 1838.0096189432334
false
546
42
834
14
2009
1860
2692
Left
2010
1861
2693
Left
2011
1862
2694
Right
2012
1863
2695
Right
522
383
669
547
42
835
8
2013
1862
2696
Left
2014
1864
2697
Left
2015
1865
2698
Right
2016
1866
2699
Right
523
384
670
548
42
836
8
2017
1867
2700
Left
2018
1865
2701
Left
2019
1868
2702
Left
2020
1869
2703
Right
2021
1870
2704
Right
2022
1871
2705
Right
524
385
671
549
42
837
8
2023
1860
2706
Left
2024
1872
2707
Left
2025
1873
2708
Right
2026
1874
2709
Right
525
386
672
550
42
838
8
2027
1871
2710
Left
2028
1873
2711
Right
2029
1875
2712
Right
526
387
673
551
42
434
8
2030
1877
2714
Left
2031
1878
2715
Left
2032
1879
2716
Right
2033
1871
2717
Right
527
388
674
552
42
839
8
2034
1873
2718
Left
2035
1880
2719
Left
2036
1881
2720
Right
2037
1882
2721
Right
528
389
675
553
42
840
8
2038
1883
2722
Left
2039
1881
2723
Left
2040
1884
2724
Right
2041
1885
2725
Right
529
390
676
554
42
841
8
2042
1881
2726
Left
2043
1886
2727
Left
2044
1873
2728
Right
2045
1887
2729
Right
530
391
677
116
78
42
14
false
435
1485
16
regular
88
1868
3531
Right
936
844
42
217
false
1400
2086
16
regular
868
10535
16614
Left
869
1878
16615
Right
187445
1726
430
1.6
1.6
0
3
14
327
267
479708
2228
770
0.8
0.8
-35
2
1
490
240
479709
1883
562
1.6
1.6
-70
2
3
280
360
172
M129 226 C129 176 179 126 229 126 C940 126 1865 126 2576 126 C2626 126 2676 176 2676 226 C2676 696 2676 1307 2676 1777 C2676 1827 2626 1877 2576 1877 C1865 1877 940 1877 229 1877 C179 1877 129 1827 129 1777 C129 1307 129 696 129 226
1
true
6
2547.0
1751.0
130
235
Intracellular Space
200
185
20
1.0
1.0
200
15
131
235
Extracellular Space
205
25
20
1.0
1.0
200
15