Muscarinic
acetylcholine
receptor M3
Adenylate
cyclase type 10
Rap guanine
nucleotide
exchange factor
4
Protein kinase
C alpha type
Inositol 1,4,5-
trisphosphate
receptor type 3
Calcium/calmodulin-
dependent
protein kinase
kinase 1
Vesicle-
associated
membrane
protein 2
1-
phosphatidylinositol
4,5-
bisphosphate
phosphodiesterase
beta-1
Regulating
synaptic
membrane
exocytosis
protein 2
Ras-related
protein Rab-3A
ATP-binding
cassette
sub-family C
member 8
Solute carrier
family 2,
facilitated
glucose
transporter
member 2
Voltage-
dependent
P/Q-type
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-1A
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Gγ
Muscarinic
acetylcholine
receptor M3
Gγ
Glucagon-like
peptide 1
receptor
Gγ
Gαq
Glucagon-like
peptide 1
receptor
Gγ
Gαq
Gβ
Gβ
Gβ
Gαq
cAMP
Acetylcholine
Ca+
Insulin
Glucagon-like
peptide 1
D-Glucose
ATP
D-Glucose
K+
K+
Ca+
Insulin
GDP
GTP
GTP
Gβ
Gαq
Diacylglycerol
(DG or DAG)
GTP
IP3
Glycolysis
Depolarization
Magnesium
Ca+
Ca+
Islet Cell
Beta Cell
Exocytosis of insulin
granules from the cell
The GPCR activates the G
protein by exchanging GDP
for GTP. This exchange
triggers the dissociation of
the Gα subunit from the Gβγ
dimer and the receptor.
The GPCR activates the G
protein by exchanging GDP
for GTP. This exchange
triggers the dissociation of
the Gα subunit from the Gβγ
dimer and the receptor.
Insulin Granule
The vesicle-associated
membrane protein is anchored
to the outside of the
insulin granule. It aids in
the granule's tethering,
docking, and fusion with the
cell membrane of the beta
cell so that insulin can be
released.