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Ca
+
Na
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Na
+
K
+
K
+
Sodium channel
protein type 10
subunit alpha
Sodium channel
subunit beta-1
Cytochrome P450
1A2
Cytochrome P450
3A4
Cytochrome P450
1A2
Cytochrome P450
3A4
Alpha-1A
adrenergic
receptor
5-
hydroxytryptamine
receptor 1A
D(1A) dopamine
receptor
Beta-endorphin
Mu-type opioid
receptor
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit beta-2
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit beta-2
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit beta-2
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit alpha-4
Voltage-
dependent
P/Q-type
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-1A
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-2
Potassium
voltage-gated
channel
subfamily D
member 2
Kv channel-
interacting
protein 2
Beta-endorphin
Glutamate
[NMDA] receptor
subunit zeta-1
Glutamate
[NMDA] receptor
subunit
epsilon-1
Glutamate
[NMDA] receptor
subunit 3A
Sodium-
dependent
noradrenaline
transporter
Sodium-
dependent
serotonin
transporter
Sodium-
dependent
dopamine
transporter
Pro-
opiomelanocortin
Neuroendocrine
convertase 2
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
alpha-1
Lidocaine
Lidocaine
2,6-Dimethylaniline
Monoethylglycinexylidide
Glycinexylidide
2-Amino-3-methylbenzoate
4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline
3-Hydroxylidocaine
3-
Hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide
O
2
NADPH
H
+
H
2
O
NADP
O
2
NADH
H
2
O
Formaldehyde
NAD
Heme
Heme
Heme
Heme
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Ca
+
Na
+
K
+
Ca
+
Ca
+
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Dopamine
Na
+
Na
+
ATP
H
2
O
Na
+
K
+
ADP
P
i
Na
+
K
+
Sodium channel
protein type 10
subunit alpha
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit alpha-4
Sodium channel
subunit beta-1
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
alpha-3
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
beta-2
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
alpha-2
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
alpha-4
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
beta-1
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
gamma
Neuronal
acetylcholine
receptor
subunit alpha-4
Sodium/potassium-
transporting
ATPase subunit
beta-3
ATPase,
(Na+)/K+
transporting,
beta 4
polypeptide
Axon
Voltage-gated sodium channel
(INa)
Synaptic Vesicle
Presynaptic Neuron
Postsynaptic Neuron
Synaptic Cleft
Neuron
Neuron Axon
Action Potential
Membrane Potential (mV)
Resting Potential
-70
Time
+40
0
Depolarization
Peak Action Potential
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization