57576PathwayDexchlorpheniramine H1-Antihistamine ActionDexchlorpheniramine is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.Drug ActionPW057732CenterPathwayVisualizationContext5801112882400#FFFFFFPathwayVisualization5748057576Dexchlorpheniramine H1-Antihistamine ActionDexchlorpheniramine is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.Drug149076Mast Cells Release HistamineSubPathway46915693Compound119717622035879Simons FE, Simons KJ: Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec;128(6):1139-1150.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Oct 27.57576Pathway1971777913608Simons FE: H1-receptor antagonists. Comparative tolerability and safety. Drug Saf. 1994 May;10(5):350-80.57576Pathway1971782174351Mignery GA, Sudhof TC: The ligand binding site and transduction mechanism in the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):3893-8.57576Pathway1CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002338Beta cellCL:00006396MyocyteCL:000018714Parietal CellCL:00001621Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia462Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote56Andro6666Eukaryote157Acinetobacter baumannii 107673Prokaryote10Cell MembraneGO:00058865CytoplasmGO:00057376LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:00057773Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:000573911Extracellular SpaceGO:000561516Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259719sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575837Basolateral cell membraneGO:001632333Outer MembraneGO:004316554Endocytic VesicleGO:00301391LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:00006717182Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:000153918PancreasBTO:00009889MuscleBTO:00008871411824BrainBTO:0000142891632Adrenal CortexBTO:00000453081011PW_BS0000248511PW_BS0000089611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS0000054311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS00000314101PW_BS00001413121PW_BS00001315111PW_BS0000152811611PW_BS000028101711PW_BS000010204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033181311PW_BS0000182111PW_BS000002311511PW_BS00003149711PW_BS000049541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002260251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS000046171211PW_BS00001729111PW_BS0000297028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094103331PW_BS000103105113PW_BS0001051115121PW_BS0001111136121PW_BS0001131122121PW_BS000112110231PW_BS0001101231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012713013121PW_BS0001301141112PW_BS00011412915121PW_BS0001291355171PW_BS0001351181171PW_BS00011810813PW_BS0001086131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107951721PW_BS0000951471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS0001611632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS00015911PW_BS00000116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152117131PW_BS000117188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS000160205561PW_BS000024207661PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702253541PW_BS000024226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162261115PW_BS0000262771218PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002429341PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013313412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS000119383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113232403PW_BS000024122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124412125PW_BS000115405105PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS000115429151PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100436255PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS0001203744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS0000531371117PW_BS00013744717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244831110PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112208116PW_BS000024209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS0001135131761PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549185321PW_BS00002416212PW_BS000016231511PW_BS00002321815181PW_BS00002412815121PW_BS0001284101551PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS000115215114PW_BS0000213551914PW_BS000035471914PW_BS000047422411PW_BS0000425811411PW_BS000058711113PW_BS0000716618518PW_BS00006634524121PW_BS0000287413PW_BS0000745181PW_BS0000514182451PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS000115509516PW_BS000050731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS000085892PW_BS0000896531624PW_BS0005086651818PW_BS00050848113PW_BS000048599856PW_BS000501608321PW_BS0005015602410171PW_BS0002047772837114PW_BS000521658285114PW_BS000508787241013PW_BS000524898283715714PW_BS00055289928515714PW_BS00055220473313PW_BS0000248047331573PW_BS00054865413621PW_BS0005088705413PW_BS00055224PW_B000024566635ProteinComplex1576636ProteinComplex158936Compound1596637ProteinComplex16931230826PW_B00002663986Compound1646636ProteinComplex169318827PW_B00002765693Compound1666635ProteinComplex170003308936Guanosine diphosphateHMDB0001201Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.146-91-8C00035897717552GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE8630NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H15N5O11P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid443.2005443.024329371-2.007{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3FDB0224875'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C000936GDP83823841762142391241547350078553821036041155610116164881787476222117541151177121111823198127272901339515169322177142133775461117795213280023368800803088012216489115253119983406120068122121205124121847405122766120122820135123775118124400376125363479125445297126905501126984205986Guanosine triphosphateHMDB0001273Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.86-01-1C00044683015996GTP6569NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O14P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid523.1804522.990659781-1.708triphosphate, guanosine0-3FDB0225275'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphatePW_C000986GTP81824041939240911441537350068553841036043155610316164901787478222117531151176919811981151127252906932717696222577144133775441117795113280025368800883088012116489113253119985406120066122121204124122768120122818135123774118125365479125443297126480299126907501126982205128051388693HistamineHMDB0000870Histamine, also known as eramin or ceplene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. Histamine exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Histamine has been found throughout most human tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including feces, saliva, urine, and blood. Within the cell, histamine is primarily located in the myelin sheath. In humans, histamine is involved in the phenbenzamine H1-antihistamine action pathway, the omeprazole action pathway, the levocetirizine H1-antihistamine action pathway, and the propiomazine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Histamine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the thiazinamium H1-antihistamine action pathway, the metiamide action pathway, the quetiapine H1-antihistamine action pathway, and the histidinemia pathway. Outside of the human body, histamine can be found in a number of food items such as daikon radish, jicama, caraway, and japanese walnut. This makes histamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Histamine is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.51-45-6C0038877418295HISTAMINE753NCCC1=CNC=N1C5H9N3InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine111.1451111.0796473030.182histamine01FDB0125961h-imidazole-4-ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamine;2-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)ethylamine;2-(4-imidazolyl)ethanamine;2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine;2-imidazol-4-yl-ethylamine;2-imidazol-4-ylethylamine;4-(2-aminoethyl)-1h-imidazole;4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole;4-imidazoleethylamine;5-imidazoleethylamine;Eramin;Ergamine;Ergotidine;Free histamine;Hsm;Histamine;L-histamin base;L-histamine;Theramine;B-imidazolyl-4-ethylamine;Beta-aminoethylglyoxaline;Beta-aminoethylimidazole;Beta-aminothethylglyoxaline;Beta-imidazolyl-4-ethylaminePW_C000693Hsm131083153144151154159267311170008308781321111210261221235911351420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131406747901406758341407551851155Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateHMDB0001498Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. (PubChem). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is traditionally considered to be the messenger that initiates the increase and spreading of the activating Ca2+ wave. In line with this hypothesis, recent evidence suggests that the penetrating sperm delivers into mammalian eggs a novel isoform of phospholipase C (PLC), which promotes the formation of InsP3. The mechanism by which the interacting sperm triggers the production of NAADP and subsequently that of InsP3 remains obscure. (PMID: 15362223).85166-31-0C0124543945616595inositol_1,4,5-trisphosphate388562O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=OC6H15O15P3InChI=1S/C6H15O15P3/c7-1-2(8)5(20-23(13,14)15)6(21-24(16,17)18)3(9)4(1)19-22(10,11)12/h1-9H,(H2,10,11,12)(H2,13,14,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t1-,2+,3+,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-XJTPDSDZSA-N{[(1R,2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl]oxy}phosphonic acid420.0956419.962379346-1.459InsP30-6FDB0226571d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;1,4,5-insp3;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate;Ins(1,4,5)p3;Insp3;Ip3;1d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphoric acid;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acidPW_C001155Inotp2741665822037232575142792467387160740921812214285693441781691287821113278516115799991880089308802378121975410122442124122511405124528444125009118125081376126124485126593299126664478127732516128165388128241209353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+2761630385531460129411599321997351046311634611644714784914914215524321165821381727961829379315971316072394229418666478210482228534011157801017179205723221172581607281190117742131183719811842210121981641221528515288151153503086933617738933177600115781541327826635678526345787241307890811480413748058922881826511202201221204654051210491241213004181213774191218503831219231251223704091228951351230993761236131181238704541239364551244033981244761361249241371255712971257114781259814891260092991260504901265334951272032091274345061274603881275025071281053901406767901406778341406955096743DexchlorpheniramineHMDB0240218Dexchlorpheniramine, also known as polaramin or dapriton, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pheniramines. Pheniramines are compounds containing a pheniramine moiety, which is structurally characterized by the presence of a 2-benzylpyridine linked to an dimethyl(propyl)amine to form a dimethyl[3-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]amine skeleton. Dexchlorpheniramine is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. In humans, dexchlorpheniramine is involved in the dexchlorpheniramine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Dexchlorpheniramine is the S-enantiomer of chlorphenamine (chloropheniramine) and is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine.25523-97-133036446430576DB13679CN(C)CC[C@@H](C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=NC=CC=C1C16H19ClN2InChI=1S/C16H19ClN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3/t15-/m0/s1SOYKEARSMXGVTM-HNNXBMFYSA-N[(3S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]dimethylamine274.79274.1236763-3.720(+)-chlorpheniramine01[(3S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]dimethylamine;(S)-γ-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridinepropanamine;(S)-gamma-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridinepropanamine;(S)-(+)-2-[p-chloro-α-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]benzyl]-pyridine;(S)-(+)-2-[p-chloro-alpha-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]benzyl]-pyridine;(γS)-γ-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridinepropanamine;(gammaS)-gamma-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridinepropanamine;(+)-chloropheniramine;(+)-chlorpheniramine;(S)-chloropheniramine;S-(+)-chlorpheniramine;S-chlorpheniramine;d-chlorpheniramine;(+)-chlorphenamine;(+)-chlorphenamine;(S)-chlorphenamine;S-(+)-chlorphenamine;S-chlorphenamine;d-chlorphenaminePW_C096742Dexcp70035308344phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphateCompound6073CompoundPW_EC000344C04637KEGG CompoundP45B2951,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerolCompound3149CompoundPW_EC000293C00641KEGG Compound1,2DSG2161-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1Q9NQ66The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
HMDBP00222PLCB120p12AL05031513.1.4.112576142790461164689693371800903088023081361246531361916651361996614092748141043714114623618GβP62873Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08398GNB11p36.33BC0058881381224138144157735010855161869324170006308135590599136006608136181661361876651385025601397327771403626581405347871408918981408948991591GγP59768Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 is a guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G protein) involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP01767GNG214q21BC020774169325170007308800821413600760813618266136188665138503560139804204139981804140004214053578714057274140834482116Histamine H1 receptorP35367In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamine release from adrenal medulla, as well as mediating neurotransmission in the central nervous systemHMDBP02823HRH13p25X767861673121700093081740Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alphaP50148Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systemsHMDBP02022GNAQ9q21U430831516314693231827158828363081360056081361856651362016613850556014088648141042714114522126Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1Q14643Intracellular channel that mediates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum following stimulation by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphateHMDBP02849ITPR13p26.1D2607019671627941885021080091813613865414092848141038870141041491279Protein kinase C beta typeP05771Calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome, apoptosis and transcription regulation. Plays a key role in B-cell activation and function by regulating BCR-induced NF-kappa-B activation and B-cell suvival. Required for recruitment and activation of the IKK kinase to lipid rafts and mediates phosphorylation of CARD11/CARMA1 at 'Ser-559', 'Ser-644' and 'Ser- 652', leading to activate the NF-kappa-B signaling. Involved in apoptosis following oxidative damage:in case of oxidative conditions, specifically phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of isoform p66Shc of SHC1, leading to mitochondrial accumulation of p66Shc, where p66Shc acts as a reactive oxygen species producer. Acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. Also involved in triglyceride homeostasis. Serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promotersHMDBP01372PRKCB16p11.2FJ90724612.7.11.136938888005216480414741808Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitP19838NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF- kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF- kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post- translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'- GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105HMDBP02145NFKB14q24BC051765141452414723803568115939276635Histamine H1 receptor1PW_P0066351437621166636Gαq1PW_P0066361437717406930416637Gβγ1PW_P0066371437836181437915916931111140Phospholipase C, beta 11PW_P001140130221614713531270Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 11PW_P000270289212646638protein kinase C beta1PW_P0066381438012797443533693878988Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit1PW_P000988111718081100922PW_R100922Right3633683441ElementCollectionfalse36336914201Compoundtrue3633702951ElementCollectionfalse36337111551Compoundfalse910351140101579PW_R101579Right365996241Boundfalse365997261Boundfalse365998271Boundfalse36599966371ProteinComplexfalse1035PW_T00103512593531Compound188Right9222702017-09-13T12:02:00-06:002017-09-13T12:02:00-06:0049240ActivationPW_I000240479693Compound148024Bound1241ActivationPW_I00024148126Bound14821140ProteinComplex1242ActivationPW_I0002424831155Compound1484270ProteinComplex1243ActivationPW_I000243485295ElementCollection14866638ProteinComplex1244ActivationPW_I000244487353Compound14886638ProteinComplex1245ActivationPW_I0002454896638ProteinComplex1490988ProteinComplex1248InhibitionPW_I00024849596743Compound149627Bound1332415748033140585519245724942925419245735042925519245745142925619245753426157480341405856192457752429257192457835273085748035140585719245805342925819245811405855936153false39059010regular50301405856986154false95771010regular503014058576933083false80738010regular10010014058521420149false142334110regular78781405853115513false185246710regular100120140585435319false157747210regular1002514058583531851false205089210regular78781405859353851false167889210regular7878140586069313false28530010regular100100140586135389false112788910regular10025141042396743308158false46210010regular3002808803344371false135246412regular100908804295371false175265712regular100905399442116180false2304558subunitregular200130539945174012false3555358proteinregular150705399463618198false4605457subunitregular150705399471591197false4604956subunitregular15070539948174012false9526558proteinregular15070539949211630880false7524558subunitregular200130539941216199false15524878proteinregular15070539942361830898false9975459subunitregular15070539943159130897false9974958subunitregular15070539950212678false18388718subunitregular135120539951127982false11028998proteinregular150705399521808232false3579018subunitregular1507042925466355748015388425399444292556636574801538843539945429256663757480153884453994653884553994742925766365748015388465399484292586635574803085388475399494292521140574801538839539941588114058541924571Cofactor429253663757480308538840539942538841539943429259270574805388485399504292606638574808538849539951588214058611924593Cofactor42926198857480235388505399521924567M1501 380 C1502 424 1522 522 1552 522 5false18falsefalsefalsefalse1924568M1852 522 C1820 522 1732 522 1702 522 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 389.261556296296 L 252 388 L 258.38088772118584 401.5751343230783false1924569M1452 524 C1482 524 1522 522 1552 522 5false18falsefalse1924570M1752 712 C1753 631 1732 522 1702 522 5false18trueM 266.94685504416486 389.261556296296 L 252 388 L 258.38088772118584 401.5751343230783false1924571M1127 617.5 L1127 667.5 L1177 617.5 z10true181924572M415 365 L415 415 L465 365 z10true181924573M225 365 L225 415 L275 365 z10true181924574M250 485 L250 535 L300 485 z10true181924575M250 545 L250 595 L300 545 z10true181924576M440 605 C470 605 668.5 525 698.5 525 5true181924577M1087 565 L1087 615 L1137 565 z10true181924578M947 565 L947 615 L997 565 z10true181924579M957 725 C927 725 728.5 525 698.5 525 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 117.26155629629604 L 11 116 L 17.380887721185843 129.57513432307834false1924580M747 570 L747 620 L797 570 z10true181924581M747 450 L747 500 L797 450 z10true181924582M807 430 C777 430 728.5 525 698.5 525 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 117.26155629629604 L 11 116 L 17.380887721185843 129.57513432307834false1924583M747 525 C717 525 683 526 653 526 218false18trueM 25.946855044164835 117.26155629629604 L 11 116 L 17.380887721185843 129.57513432307834false1924584M2050 931 C2014 931 2008 932 1973 931 83false18trueM 1670.0096189432334 1054.5 L 1683 1047 L 1670.0096189432334 1039.5false1924585M1756 931 C1790 931 1797 931 1838 931 83false18trueM 1723.9903810567666 824 L 1711 831.5 L 1723.9903810567666 839false1924586M435 455.5 C435 425.5 435 460.5 435 430.5 149true18trueM 25.946855044164835 309.261556296296 L 11 308 L 17.380887721185843 321.5751343230783false1924587M335 400 C335 430 335 450 335 480 149false18trueM 277.5 453.0096189432334 L 285 466 L 292.5 453.0096189432334falsefalsefalse1924588M1127 700.5 C1157 700.5 992 665.5 1022 665.5 149true181924589M1627 557 C1628 619 1628 594.5 1627 626.5 C1627 658.5 1612 689.5 1575 689.5 C1540 689.5 1136 690 1102 690 149false18trueM 274.94685504416486 320.261556296296 L 260 319 L 266.38088772118584 332.5751343230783false1924590M1902 576 C1903 617 1901 828 1903 871 149false18trueM 1245.7596189432334 960.5 L 1258.75 953 L 1245.7596189432334 945.5false1924591M1938 906.5 C1908 906.5 1438.75 917.5 1408.75 917.5 149true18trueM 831.9468550441649 854.261556296296 L 817 853 L 823.3808877211858 866.5751343230784false1924592M1802 767 C1802 842 1491 885 1252 934 149false18trueM 1521.5096189432334 825.5 L 1534.5 818 L 1521.5096189432334 810.5false1924593M1767 734.5 L1767 784.5 L1817 734.5 z10true181924594M1202 914.5 C1172 914.5 1714.5 782.5 1684.5 782.5 149true18trueM 920.9468550441649 713.261556296296 L 906 712 L 912.3808877211858 725.5751343230784false1924595M1678 931 C1650 931 1310 933 1252 934 149false18trueM 1586.5096189432334 1229.5 L 1599.5 1222 L 1586.5096189432334 1214.5false1924596M1202 914.5 C1172 914.5 1779.5 1186.5 1749.5 1186.5 149true18trueM 1056.9468550441647 783.261556296296 L 1042 782 L 1048.380887721186 795.5751343230784false1924597M1102 934 C1035 933 566 935 507 936 149false18trueM 1809.0096189432334 825 L 1822 817.5 L 1809.0096189432334 810false1924598M457 916.5 C427 916.5 2002 782 1972 782 149true18trueM 1044.9468550441647 614.261556296296 L 1030 613 L 1036.380887721186 626.5751343230784false1924601M335 300 C335 274 332 237 332 194 5false18trueM 397.79386831313315 293.1694870164077 L 385 301 L 398.1783573250214 308.1645584800499false1929922M612 380 C614 457 425 436 379 436 148false18falsetrueM 787 410 L 802 410 L 817 4101929923M857 380 C857 350 852 440 852 410 148true18falsetrueM 19.565967322978995 107.68642197321769 L 11 120 L 2.4340326770210066 132.313578026782343640657480100922308174313714058521924567Left174313814058531924568Right927788031924569Left927888041924570Right395170910354292524364075748010157930832331924576Left33341924579Right34351924582Right102824292531924583Right225771035574804584114058581924584Left4584214058591924585Right221704292599224842405748030824331924586Right10014058601924587Left4852415748030825341924588Left7284292521924589Right486242574801810114058531924590Left7294292591924591Right48724357480811388041924592Left7304292601924594Right48824457480810214058591924595Left7314292601924596Right48924557480237324292601924597Left7334292611924598Right4912485748030827351929923Right10414104231929922Left484574907657480217false25712416regular4541314058601924601Right9510119897690.60.6-9023280360951022708051.01.00214327267196055M175 626.5 C175 576.5 225 526.5 275 526.5 C851 526.5 1599 526.5 2175 526.5 C2225 526.5 2275 576.5 2275 626.5 C2275 758.5 2275 931.5 2275 1063.5 C2275 1113.5 2225 1163.5 2175 1163.5 C1599 1163.5 851 1163.5 275 1163.5 C225 1163.5 175 1113.5 175 1063.5 C175 931.5 175 758.5 175 626.5 1true60.00.0196056M1905 1076.5 C1905 1036.5 1905 839.5 1905 789.5 91false60.00.020392215Endoplasmic Reticulum1944772201.01.01601520392315Nucleus345802201.01.01601520392415Calcium Ion Channel1821999201.01.01601520392515Cell Membrane12201124201.01.01601520392615Cytoplasm12201069201.01.016015203927235↑ Antigen Presentation535814201.31.320015203928235↑ Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Chemotactic Factors536956141.31.320015203929235↑ Mediator Release1538971201.31.320015203930235↓ Mast Cell Stabilization15361036201.31.3200159408220516801879788217810774#FFEEDE4299289