113108PathwayKidney Function- Proximal Convoluted TubuleThe proximal convoluted tubule is part of the nephron between the Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle. The proximal convoluted tubule functions to reabsorb sodium, water, and other ions. Sodium and bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) are transported by a co-transporter that is responsible for the majority of sodium reabsorption. The bicarbonate, along with hydrogen, are exchanged across the basal and apical membranes, respectively, to effectively regulate the pH of the filtrate. In addition, chloride ions are not normally reabsorbed in large amounts at the proximal tubule compared to other parts of the nephron. However, the reabsorption of chloride, as well as potassium, increases as the amount of water reabsorption increases due to solvent drag (also known as bulk transport). This occurrence explains solute movement secondary to water flow. All the cation and anion transport creates a gradient favourable for ion and water reabsorption, leading to an increase in blood pressure. PhysiologicalPW122268CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12254431003550#000099PathwayVisualization112971113108Kidney Function- Proximal Convoluted TubuleThe proximal convoluted tubule is part of the nephron between the Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle. The proximal convoluted tubule functions to reabsorb sodium, water, and other ions. Sodium and bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) are transported by a co-transporter that is responsible for the majority of sodium reabsorption. The bicarbonate, along with hydrogen, are exchanged across the basal and apical membranes, respectively, to effectively regulate the pH of the filtrate. In addition, chloride ions are not normally reabsorbed in large amounts at the proximal tubule compared to other parts of the nephron. However, the reabsorption of chloride, as well as potassium, increases as the amount of water reabsorption increases due to solvent drag (also known as bulk transport). This occurrence explains solute movement secondary to water flow. All the cation and anion transport creates a gradient favourable for ion and water reabsorption, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Physiological127957316914967 Wang T: Flow-activated transport events along the nephron. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006 Sep;15(5):530-6. doi: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000242180.46362.c4.113108Pathway279574457869Lucci MS, Warnock DG: Effects of anion-transport inhibitors on NaCl reabsorption in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest. 1979 Aug;64(2):570-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI109495.113108Pathway1CellCL:00000007Epithelial CellCL:00000663NeuronCL:00005404CardiomyocyteCL:000074612AstrocyteCL:00001275HepatocyteCL:00001828Beta cellCL:00006392Platelet CL:000023314Parietal CellCL:000016218ErythrocyteCL:00002321Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia451Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce202Spathaspora passalidarum340170EukaryoteSpathaspora passalidarum186Human immunodeficiency virus type 111676EukaryoteHIV-1157Acinetobacter baumannii 107673Prokaryote11Extracellular SpaceGO:00056151CytosolGO:00058295CytoplasmGO:000573731Periplasmic SpaceGO:00056204PeroxisomeGO:00057776LysosomeGO:00057642MitochondrionGO:000573934Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032535ChloroplastGO:00095073Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575910Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563436MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016840PeriplasmGO:004259724Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575832Inner MembraneGO:007025838Apical cell membraneGO:001632437Basolateral cell membraneGO:001632356Basal Cell MembraneGO:000992525IntestineBTO:00006488Blood VesselBTO:000110274116KidneyBTO:000067171824BrainBTO:000014289161LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:000056273103Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:000183218PancreasBTO:00009882Endothelium 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ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.17341-25-2C0133092329101899[Na+]NaInChI=1S/Na/q+1FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N22.989822.989769675FDB003523Sodium;Sodium ion;Na(+);Na+PW_C000458Na+20931520942272460272561315771315872318574361551460785860105586110758621087149187715018842337318423383157823935378243326782493527904713212238943612239043712263541612263612412494247212494645212496047112520911814068279014068383414069646140740788140741597374Chloride ionHMDB0000492Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, this it. exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703, 17729441, 17562499, 15300163) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037).16887-00-6C0069831217996CPD-4521306[Cl-]ClInChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M35.45334.968852707FDB006557Bertholite;Chloor;Chlor;Chlore;Chloride;Chloride ion;Chlorine;Chlorine gas;Cl;Cl2;Diatomic chlorine;Dichlorine;Molecular chlorine;Chloride(1-);Chlorine anion;Cl(-)PW_C000374Cl209115209222958513149833162934377728219078909114122371409124925137140684790140685834140686781200UreaHMDB0000294Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat.57-13-6C00086117616199UREA1143DB03904NC(N)=OCH4N2OInChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N60.055360.03236276FDB012174Arf;Alphadrate;B-i-k;Bromisovalum;Bubber shet;Calmurid;Calmurid hc;Carbaderm;Carbamide;Carbamide resin;Carbonyl diamide;Carbonyl diamine;Carbonyldiamide;Carbonyldiamine;Carmol;Helicosol;Hyanit;Isourea;Keratinamin;Keratinamin kowa;Mocovina;Onychomal;Panafil;Ure;Urea;Ureaphil;Ureophil;Beta-i-k;E927b;H2nc(o)nh2;Harnstoff;Karbamid;Ur;UreePW_C000200Urea4728750526071526082575610811879198426303157749311177801334120400122120587408123043135123215374125727482127210502448L-CysteineHMDB0000574Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteine's nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid (Wikipedia). Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from baldness to psoriasis to preventing smoker's hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).52-90-4C00097586217561CYS5653DB00151N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=OC3H7NO2SInChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N121.158121.019749163DBMET00503FDB012678(+)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid;(r)-(+)-cysteine;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoic acid;(r)-cysteine;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;3-mercapto-l-alanine;Acetylcysteine;B-mercaptoalanine;Carbocysteine;Cisteina;Cisteinum;Cystein;Cysteine;Cysteinum;Free cysteine;Half-cystine;L cysteine;L-(+)-cysteine;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;L-cystein;L-cysteine;Polycysteine;Thioserine;Alpha-amino-beta-thiolpropionic acid;Beta-mercaptoalanine;C;Cys;E920;L-zystein;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionatePW_C000448Cys1748186722864928701557671015801108675611767591077078188749622475941608256227826022512012281122691514265131543730322777781117779511377796132807041351201251221201311241205801261228631181232104431254912971254982991270292051270353881420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N18.015318.010564686FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O5589491095139415131621448113526156242865210691207703382318838210943113774914655415904320182425322226786027274627781728052931437031647236346145983647273749419350302751567519597521410052279452361035297105531911153431135355112540211054701235483125549212655071275534130553711455411295591135560811856221085691657591405778101584114358531465877107589095591014759401516032155605915760871616123163613315962151621816664771786507180660015267131176840188688816071622057181207719320672112117228213723821472432157295198735021673882107401212746722274922247500190758817082012258237226841416292652611850277119221641201128112213285122502861226428712327249125202271263265126932901270529112715292130072981301930013025301130373021326122313327294153403084232731542695318436913227691429377019253771021327713113377215134773783317739733277471333775161157753633477628336777223377775934177816343779823477807132978235352782423537827035679113360800143688003937080591228806561199383038394794384110557390110639391115844398119879232119915122119963406120008407120046408120113124120365412120430405120438409120606415120794414121158425121240429121351121121381419121607434122118382122384436122753120122797374122804443123012446123064376123072137123131447123142136123162448123231451123384450123730460123810464123940455124165469124670399124938471124945472125305297125353479125386481125424482125480299125682483125707478125745487126054490126238495126273484126764480126896501126963502127017388127177208127199209127227504127506507127576515127836389128082395128176513140674790140675834140755185457PotassiumHMDB0000586Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).24203-36-9C0023881329103K%2b791DB01345[K+]KInChI=1S/K/q+1NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N39.098338.963706861FDB003521K+;Kalium;Potassium;Potassium (k+);Potassium (ion);Potassium cation;Potassium ion;Potassium ion (k+);Potassium ion (k1+);Potassium ion(+);Potassium ion(1+);Potassium monocation;Potassium(+);Potassium(1+);Potassium(1+) ion;Potassium(i) cation;K(+)PW_C000457K+5738931191926220951530336631617231627136135136146159211475952151690216011810198152223067702322577115132776101117824132678246353120484122121198124123105135123768118124944452124949472125860297125965299127322205127421388140680834140681790140687781463Hydrogen carbonateHMDB0000595Bicarbonate, or hydrogen carbonate, is a simple single carbon molecule that plays surprisingly important roles in diverse biological processes. Among these are photosynthesis, the Krebs cycle, whole-body and cellular pH regulation, and volume regulation. Since bicarbonate is charged it is not permeable to lipid bilayers. Mammalian membranes thus contain bicarbonate transport proteins to facilitate the specific transmembrane movement of HCO3(-). Bicarbonate ion is an anion that consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid, H2CO3. The carbonate radical is an elusive and strong one-electron oxidant. Bicarbonate in equilibrium with carbon dioxide constitutes the main physiological buffer. The bicarbonate-carbon dioxide pair stimulates the oxidation, peroxidation and nitration of several biological targets. The demonstration that the carbonate radical existed as an independent species in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and temperature renewed the interest in the pathophysiological roles of this radical and related species. The carbonate radical has been proposed to be a key mediator of the oxidative damage resulting from peroxynitrite production, xanthine oxidase turnover and superoxide dismutase1 peroxidase activity. The carbonate radical has also been proposed to be responsible for the stimulatory effects of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide pair on oxidations mediated by hydrogen peroxide/transition metal ions. The ultimate precursor of the carbonate radical anion being bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, peroxymonocarbonate or complexes of transition metal ions with bicarbonate-derived species remains a matter of debate. The carbonate radical mediates some of the pathogenic effects of peroxynitrite. The carbonate radical as the oxidant produced from superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1, SOD1) peroxidase activity. Peroxymonocarbonate is a biological oxidant, whose existence is in equilibrium with hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate. (PMID: 17505962, 17215880).71-52-3C0028876917544HCO3749OC(O)=OCH2O3InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N62.024862.00039393FDB022134Bicarbonate;Bicarbonate (hco3-);Bicarbonate anion;Bicarbonate ion;Bicarbonate ion (hco31-);Bicarbonate ions;Carbonate;Carbonate (hco31-);Carbonate ion (hco31-);Carbonic acid;Hydrocarbonate(1-);Hydrogen carbonate;Hydrogen carbonate (hco3-);Hydrogen carbonate anion;Hydrogen carbonate ion;Hydrogen carbonate ion (hco3-);Hydrogencarbonate;Hydrogentrioxocarbonate;Monohydrogen carbonate;[co2(oh)](-);Acid carbonate;Hco3(-);Hydrogen carbonic acid;Acid carbonic acid;Bicarbonic acid;Bicarbonic acid ionPW_C000463HCO322416878239332397226131531457053911035445120557113360491556110161649417874822229092224779591127863013278762111800293681199934061212094071214361221215571241237791191239941351241151181253724791260592971263602991265414811269145011275112051279223881281142061316Carbon dioxideHMDB0001967Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.124-38-9C0001128016526274O=C=OCO2InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N44.009543.989829244DBMET00423FDB014084Carbon oxide;Carbon-12 dioxide;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;[co2];Co2;E 290;E-290;E290;R-744PW_C001316CO2508121120444801350318640367731695208065113343163849174522551173144705283103532011157501085771101596810060261556078161647117866371076922190701716070351637061188716320573081987333213746122275302108215225822315191582491184927711908170124642261268829042626315435233187699429377122133771701327747033377739112777501297776334178077134784053567842733478941331792271308000836880675119807171359483638411329139111554912111995440612008912212015540712036441212055641412083341912092212412099140812128412512150538312274412012301144612319045012341845512348911812355637412385513612406339812534447912546029712551648112582449012587029912593148212628048012688750112705220612727750712733138812739050214079818540034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N1.00791.007825032H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395140692882140693883140699167140707168140715141407427881407435971407601851005Zinc (II) ionHMDB0001303Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.23713-49-7C000383205129105ZN%2b229723DB01593[Zn++]ZnInChI=1S/Zn/q+2PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N65.40963.929146578FDB003729Zinc;Zinc ion;Dietary zinc;Zinc cation;Zinc, ion (zn2+);Zn(ii);Zn(2+);Zn2+PW_C001005Zinc132384118827116529152957513044683120293147705410117542510354341185459120556013255851335598135744916611787198124662261272429013321151769672257740111177580114779293368040011200201241200354061200601221204414091212574291230751371238274641253982991254134791254382971256854831269383881269535011269762051271802085L-Amino acidCompound105CompoundPW_EC00000515705ChEBILAA50Large Neutral Amino AcidsCompound105CompoundPW_EC00005033709ChEBILNAA51Imino acidsCompoundPW_EC00005126271ChEBIIA39Organic CationCompoundPW_EC00003925697ChEBIOC32Organic AnionCompoundPW_EC00003225696ChEBIOA2241Excitatory amino acid transporter 3P43005Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium. Negatively regulated by ARL6IP5HMDBP03094SLC1A19p24AF03798211405577871441257514506113572278Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Q01650Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular amino acid uptake. Acts as an amino acid exchanger. Involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood- brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Plays a role in neuronal cell proliferation (neurogenesis) in brain. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. Involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. May play an important role in high-grade gliomas. Mediates blood-to-retina L- leucine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier which in turn may play a key role in maintaining large neutral amino acids as well as neurotransmitters in the neural retina. Acts as the major transporter of tyrosine in fibroblastsHMDBP03158SLC7A516q24.3M80244114153278714383430822384F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chainP08195Required for the function of light chain amino-acid transporters. Involved in sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. Involved in guiding and targeting of LAT1 and LAT2 to the plasma membrane. When associated with SLC7A6 or SLC7A7 acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Required for normal and neoplastic cell growth. When associated with SLC7A5/LAT1, is also involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. When associated with SLC7A5 or SLC7A8, involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Together with ICAM1, regulates the transport activity LAT2 in polarized intestinal cells, by generating and delivering intracellular signals. When associated with SLC7A5, plays an important role in transporting L-leucine from the circulating blood to the retina across the inner blood-retinal barrierHMDBP03090SLC3A211q13BC0030001142004308144127753207Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3Q9NP91Mediates the calcium-dependent uptake of imino acids such as L-proline, N-methyl-L-proline and pipecolate as well as N- methylated amino acidsHMDBP07987SLC6A203p21.3AF07526018465230142144754307Y+L amino acid transporter 2Q92536Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids. Requires co-expression with SLC3A2/4F2hc to mediate the uptake of arginine, leucine and glutamine. Also acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Involved in the transport of L-arginine in monocytes. Reduces uptake of ornithine in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellsHMDBP09098SLC7A616q22.1CH471092184672291621Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATQ07837Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids (system B(0,+)-like activity). May function as an activator of SLC7A9 and be involved in the high-affinity reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubuleHMDBP01812SLC3A12p16.3BC09362618468228143973751625B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1P82251Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids (system b(0,+)-like activity). Thought to be responsible for the high- affinity reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubuleHMDBP01816SLC7A919q13.1AF42118018469230143974752409Solute carrier family 22 member 2O15244Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificityHMDBP04308SLC22A26q26AJ2518851846222814233030814387851143928868143945533206Solute carrier family 22 member 6Q4U2R8Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarateHMDBP07986SLC22A611q12.3AF104038184541414013130814015083214427055144271531447068241447222146092511760Carbonic anhydrase 1P00915Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
HMDBP02057CA18q21.2M3398714.2.1.1314870315081362232139444658140896899141388934141393514860Aquaporin-1P29972Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of red cells and kidney proximal tubules with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradientHMDBP10782AQP17p14AC00469118459141362902301363756811988Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1P19634Involved in pH regulation to eliminate acids generated by active metabolism or to counter adverse environmental conditions. Major proton extruding system driven by the inward sodium ion chemical gradient. Plays an important role in signal transductionHMDBP02555SLC9A11p36.1-p35AF14643612177Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1Q9Y6R1Electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter with a Na(+):HCO3(-) stoichiometry varying from 1:2 to 1:3. May regulate bicarbonate influx/efflux at the basolateral membrane of cells and regulate intracellular pHHMDBP02966SLC4A44q21AB47007212261Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4Q969I6Sodium-dependent amino acid transporter. Mediates electrogenic symport of neutral amino acids and sodium ions. Has a broad specificity, with a preference for Ala, followed by His, Cys, Asn, Ser, Gly, Val, Thr, Gln and Met. May mediate sodium- independent transport of cationic amino acids, such as Arg and Lys. Amino acid uptake is pH-dependent, with low transport activities at pH 6.5, intermediate at pH 7.0 and highest between pH 7.5 and 8.5HMDBP03128SLC38A412q13AF1938361845014144089751442413082234Y+L amino acid transporter 1Q9UM01Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids. Requires co-expression with SLC3A2/4F2hc to mediate the uptake of arginine, leucine and glutamine. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Involved in the transport of L- arginine in monocytesHMDBP03080SLC7A714q11.2AF09203218466229142005308144126751918Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2Q9UHI5Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of small and large neutral amino acids such as alanine, serine, threonine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Acts as an amino acid exchanger. Has higher affinity for L-phenylalanine than LAT1 but lower affinity for glutamine and serine. L-alanine is transported at physiological concentrations. Plays a role in basolateral (re)absorption of neutral amino acids. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. Involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L-nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Plays an essential role in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the bloodstream in the kidneyHMDBP02392SLC7A814q11.2AK31346511442433081973Urea transporter 2Q15849Specialized low-affinity vasopressin-regulated urea transporter. Mediates rapid transepithelial urea transport across the inner medullary collecting duct and plays a major role in the urinary concentrating mechanism.
HMDBP02521SLC14A218q12.1-q21.1X96969184702301362926811413028321413037822136Aquaporin-2P41181Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of renal collecting duct with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradientHMDBP02881AQP212q12-q13AF14709311362982301401403081401427821402278311402308321422068341422089972004Aquaporin-3Q92482Water channel required to promote glycerol permeability and water transport across cell membranes. Acts as a glycerol transporter in skin and plays an important role in regulating SC (stratum corneum) and epidermal glycerol content. Involved in skin hydration, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Provides kidney medullary collecting duct with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradient. Slightly permeable to urea and may function as a water and urea exit mechanism in antidiuresis in collecting duct cells. It may play an important role in gastrointestinal tract water transport and in glycerol metabolismHMDBP02583AQP39p13AJ49359718463229136291681140146832662Excitatory amino acid transporter 31PW_P0006627322241258014666SLC3A2/4F2hc Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 11PW_P00066673722787382238667Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP31PW_P0006677393207258514670SLC3A2/4F2hc Y+L amino acid transporter 21PW_P00067074343077442238259314720Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT/B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 11PW_P00072081316218141625580Solute carrier family 22 member 21PW_P0005806212409224414541Solute carrier family 22 member 61PW_P0005415733206766Carbonic anhydrase 11PW_P000766863176013371005131428548Aquaporin-11PW_P000548588486020881413117Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 11PW_P01311722935198813146Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 11PW_P01314622977217713639514668Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 41PW_P0006687402261258714669SLC3A2/4F2hc Y+L amino acid transporter 11PW_P00066974122347422238259114665SLC3A2/4F2hc Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 21PW_P000665735191873622381061Urea transporter 21PW_P001061120819731581Aquaporin-21PW_P0005816222136224514582Aquaporin-31PW_P00058262320042246141672falsePW_R001672Right635914201Compoundfalse636013161Compoundfalse63614631Compoundfalse6362400341Compoundfalse14097664.2.1.183PW_T0000839551ElementCollection152Right964581Compound152Right476622013-08-21T09:24:30-06:002013-08-21T09:24:30-06:0014101PW_T000101114511ElementCollection152Right1154581Compound152Right1163741Compound152Right686672013-08-21T10:24:44-06:002013-08-21T10:24:44-06:0014106PW_T0001061242001Compound215Right18810612013-09-26T22:08:09-06:002013-09-26T22:08:09-06:0014127PW_T0001271494481Compound152Right987202013-08-30T10:17:08-06:002013-08-30T10:17:08-06:001460PW_T00006070391ElementCollection215Right305802013-08-13T09:24:05-06:002013-08-13T09:24:05-06:0056PW_T00005663321ElementCollection215Right275412013-08-09T12:25:02-06:002013-08-09T12:25:02-06:0084PW_T00008497501ElementCollection215Right506652013-08-21T10:04:50-06:002013-08-21T10:04:50-06:0014516662013-08-21T10:04:50-06:002013-08-21T10:04:50-06:0014104PW_T00010412151ElementCollection215Right1224581Compound215Right726692013-08-21T10:51:31-06:002013-08-21T10:51:31-06:0014736702013-08-21T10:51:31-06:002013-08-21T10:51:31-06:001410362PW_T0103621073214201Compound802Right15315482019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:0023015325812019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:0023015335822019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:0023055PW_T0000556214201Compound280Right255482013-08-08T14:49:15-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:00681315812013-08-13T10:06:19-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:00681325822013-08-13T10:06:19-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:0068110356PW_T010356Active107214581Compound808Right10725400341Compound808Left1525131172019-04-17T10:55:01-06:002019-04-17T10:55:01-06:001410366PW_T010366107364631Compound280Right107374581Compound280Right1536131462019-04-17T12:55:27-06:002019-04-17T12:55:27-06:0014103PW_T00010311951ElementCollection215Right1204581Compound215Right716682013-08-21T10:36:41-06:002013-08-21T10:36:41-06:0014746692013-08-21T10:52:30-06:002013-08-21T10:52:30-06:0014756702013-08-21T10:52:30-06:002013-08-21T10:52:30-06:001426751924581558false166191510regular78782675193458258false243692510regular787826751944581558false1660147510regular78782675195458258false2212147510regular787826751963741550false1660187010regular78782675197374250false2212187010regular787826751994581558false321092010regular7878267520620023true-70030010regular1001002675207200153true-70030010regular1001002675216448153false165057510regular100100267521744823false220057510regular1001002675508142049false1787261110regular7878267551045757false1897261110regular7878267583746347false1839274310regular787826831661316252false2515187110regular78782683167463247false2662133810regular7878268316840034855false2210133810regular78782683169100529false2425164120regular10025268317814208049false1662200810regular787826831791420249false2435200810regular7878268318514208049false3213200810regular787826831861420249false2357187110regular787826831874588058false1662120510regular78782683188458258false2435125510regular78782683189400348055false1662133810regular7878268319145858false1733274310regular787826831924638047false3210131510regular787826831944588058false3210120310regular78782683214458258false2660147710regular787826832154581558false3210147710regular78782683216458258false2660173210regular787826832174581558false3210173210regular7878268322937450false1681261110regular78781469653715false1650104212regular10090146975372false2425104212regular100901469850372false265057012regular1009014699503715false320057012regular1009014702513715false1650164012regular100901470351372false2200164012regular100901470553715false3200103512regular100901472039372false220140212regular1009014721393715false165140212regular100901472232372false220075112regular1009014723323715false165075112regular10090153755372false2649158512regular100901537653715false3199158512regular10090153775372false2649186012regular100901537853715false3199186012regular100901537950372false265274712regular1009015380503715false320274712regular10090946579224176false19009798subunitregular15070946582227876false29005558subunitregular15070946583223876false290061513subunitregular15070946584320723076false190516558subunitregular15070946588430722976false290095912subunitregular15070946589223876false2900101413subunitregular15070946590162122876false19005608subunitregular15070946591162523076false19006158subunitregular15070946726240976false190141720subunitregular15070946727320676false190076520subunitregular15070950257176022false240016568subunitregular15070950263486076false190020128subunitregular15070950265486076false290320128subunitregular15070950266198876false190012588subunitregular15070950268217776false290012588subunitregular15070950275226176false289915458subunitregular15070950276223476false289917608subunitregular15070950277223876false289918208subunitregular15070950279191876false29027328subunitregular15070950280223876false29027928subunitregular150708018846621129719425939465798018866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954 C1739 988 1832 1014 1900 1014 83false183652636M2436 964 C2436 1010 2166 1018 2050 1014 83false18trueM 1048.0096189432334 961.5 L 1061 954 L 1048.0096189432334 946.5false3652637M1750 1092 C1750 1034 1829 1014 1900 1014 83false183652638M2425 1092 C2422 1034 2180 1016 2050 1014 83false18trueM 1037.0096189432334 1049.5 L 1050 1042 L 1037.0096189432334 1034.5false3652643M1738 1514 C1738 1589 1788 1689 1905 1690 83false183652644M2212 1514 C2212 1570 2188 1689 2055 1690 83false18trueM 1047.0096189432334 1056.5 L 1060 1049 L 1047.0096189432334 1041.5false3652645M1738 1909 C1737 1815 1794 1689 1905 1690 83false183652646M2212 1909 C2213 1848 2180 1690 2055 1690 83false18trueM 1047.0096189432334 1141.5 L 1060 1134 L 1047.0096189432334 1126.5false3652647M1750 1690 C1772 1690 1823 1690 1905 1690 83false183652648M2200 1690 C2171 1690 2073 1690 2055 1690 83false18trueM 1037.0096189432334 1242.5 L 1050 1235 L 1037.0096189432334 1227.5false3652663M-689 312 C-666 328 -626 355 -602 372 83true183652664M-689 312 C-666 328 -626 355 -602 372 83true183652673M1750 625 C1780 625 1870 625 1900 625 83false183652674M2200 625 C2170 625 2080 625 2050 625 83false18trueM 1077.0096189432334 1522.5 L 1090 1515 L 1077.0096189432334 1507.5falsefalsefalse3653115M468 1466 C468 1491 468 2211 468 2232 C493 2232 787 2232 812 2232 147false2trueM 1776.0096189432334 2146.5 L 1789 2139 L 1776.0096189432334 2131.5false3653118M2201 452 C2171 452 2081 452 2051 452 83false183653119M1751 452 C1781 452 1871 452 1901 452 83false18trueM 3406.9468550441647 1060.261556296296 L 3392 1059 L 3398.380887721186 1072.5751343230784false3653120M2200 801 C2170 801 2080 800 2050 800 83false183653121M1750 801 C1780 801 1870 800 1900 800 83false18trueM 3040.9468550441647 869.761556296296 L 3026 868.5 L 3032.380887721186 882.0751343230784false3668021M2750 625 C2780 625 2870 625 2900 625 83false183668022M3200 625 C3170 625 3081 625 3051 625 83false18trueM 3437.9468550441647 668.261556296296 L 3423 667 L 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3130.9468550441647 265.261556296296 L 3116 264 L 3122.380887721186 277.5751343230783false3668150M2752 802 C2782 802 2874 802 2904 802 83false183668151M3202 802 C3172 802 3081 802 3051 802 83false18trueM 2732.9468550441647 1095.261556296296 L 2718 1094 L 2724.380887721186 1107.5751343230784false79880511297116722322826526831863668087Left322826626831663668088Left322826726831673668089Right322826826831683668090Right7544061409804542777498311297115612326751923652635Left15612426751933652636Right389146963652637Left390146973652638Right24488801884477775210111297115612526751943652643Left15612626751953652644Right15612726751963652645Left15612826751973652646Right395147023652647Left396147033652648Right24491801887687775710611297115613726752063652663Left15613826752073652664Right7776212711297115614726752163652673Left15614826752173652674Right24495801891987778860112971407147203653118Left408147213653119Right24519801989307778956112971409147223653120Left410147233653121Right24520801990277842884112971489146983668021Left490146993668022Right24906801886517843210411297115769126751933668042Left15769226751993668043Right495146973668044Left496147053668045Right2491080189073784381036211297115770526831783668067Left15770626831793668068Right249168045481531784415511297115771326831793668081Left15771426831853668082Right2491880455025784421035611297115771526831873668091Left15771626831883668092Right15771726831893668093Left15771826831683668094Right249198045511525784461036611297115772926831673668105Left15773026831923668106Right15773126831883668107Left15773226831943668108Right2492380455315367844810311297115773526832143668138Left15773626832153668139Right499153753668140Left500153763668141Right24925804560717844910311297115773726832163668142Left15773826832173668143Right501153773668144Left502153783668145Right24926804561747845084112971503153793668150Left504153803668151Right24927804563502947267550829492675510296926758373115268319131162683229682033653115185977711207502.02.00382924001859781518958500.70.7022245782518602979021961.01.00111580250186030156224262.62.60278200200186031156225111.31.30251400274369351M1975 424 C1975 374 2025 324 2075 324 C2318 324 2633 324 2876 324 C2926 324 2976 374 2976 424 C2976 925 2976 1575 2976 2076 C2976 2126 2926 2176 2876 2176 C2633 2176 2318 2176 2075 2176 C2025 2176 1975 2126 1975 2076 C1975 1575 1975 925 1975 424 1true61001.01852.045001515Lumen1565205202.22.21601545001615Interstitium3000225202.22.21601545005415Blood Vessel16372301202.22.21601545012915Amino Acids17112665201.31.31601545082315Proximal Convoluted Tubule155590202.82.816015180257506109289885112141426394316575180258110194414991003452225039419532150180278110124001497230321513003394654700