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Adenylate
cyclase type 10
Muscarinic
acetylcholine
receptor M1
Myosin light
chain kinase,
smooth muscle
PKA complex
PKA complex
Protein kinase
C
Potassium
voltage-gated
channel
subfamily A
member 1
Myosin LC-P
Myosin light
chain 3
Vesicular
acetylcholine
transporter
High affinity
choline
transporter 1
Inositol 1,4,5-
trisphosphate
receptor type 1
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1C
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-1
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
beta-1
Voltage-
dependent
L-type calcium
channel subunit
alpha-1C
Choline O-
acetyltransferase
Acetylcholinesterase
Myosin light
chain
phosphatase
Calmodulin
Intermediate
conductance
calcium-
activated
potassium
channel protein
4
Phospholipase C
ATP-binding
cassette
sub-family C
member 8
ATP-sensitive
inward
rectifier
potassium
channel 8
ATP-sensitive
inward
rectifier
potassium
channel 11
ATP-binding
cassette
sub-family C
member 9
Calmodulin
Voltage-
dependent
calcium channel
subunit
alpha-2/delta-1
Ca
+
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Dalfampridine
K
+
Acetylcholine
Choline
Choline
Ca
+
Ca
+
K
+
K
+
Ca
+
K
+
K
+
K
+
Ca
+
Dalfampridine
Dalfampridine
Acetyl-CoA
Choline
CoA
H
2
O
Acetic acid
ATP
cAMP
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate
Diacylglycerol
P
i
P
i
Calcium
Ca
+
Muscle
Contraction
Muscle
Relaxation
G Protien
Signalling
Cascade
Membrane
depolarization
Magnesium
Calcium
Magnesium
Manganese
Presynaptic Neuron
Acetylcholine is synthesized
and stored in synaptic
vesicles at the nerve
terminal
Calcium ions stimulates the
release of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine into the
synaptic cleft via
exocytosis.
Acetylcholine in the
synaptic cleft activates
muscarinic receptors in the
neuromuscular junction, high
amounts of acetylcholine
causes the receptor to be
more activated.
Acetylcholine is broken down
by acetylcholinesterase into
choline and acetyl-coa
Choline is taken back up
into the nerve terminal and
recycled to create more
acetylcholine
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Cytosol
Smooth Muscle Cell
Unactivated PKA cannot
phosphorylate calcium
activated potassium channels
causing potassium
accumulation and promoting
depolarization.
Activated PKA phosphorylates
the IP3 receptor to reduce
its affinity for IP3.
Activated PKA phosphorylates
phospholipase C.
There is an overall increase
in calcium levels in the
cytosol.
Increased calcium binds
readily to calmodulin.
The activation of myosin
light chain kinase pushes
the synthesis of Myosin LC-P
which leads to a high
concentration of myosin LC-P
and muscle contraction.
Myosin binds to actin
causing the filaments to
slide resulting in muscle
contraction.
Actin Filament
Myosin Filament
Dalfampridine inhibits the
potassium voltage-gated
channel. This decreases the
potassium concentration in
the neuron.
Since the receptor is
activated, adenylyl cyclase
is inhibited. Therefore, it
inhibits cAMP production.
Smooth Muscle
The high concentration of
potassium prolonges the
membrane depolarization.
This activates the entry of
calcium by the
voltage-dependent calcium
transporter.
ADCY10
CHRM1
MYLK
PRKAR1A
PRKAR2A
PRKCA
KCNA1
MYL3
MYL3
SLC18A3
SLC5A7
ITPR1
CACNB1
CACNA1C
CACNA2D1
CACNB1
CACNA1C
CHAT
ACHE
PPP1CB
CALM1
KCNN4
PLCB1
ABCC8
KCNJ8
KCNJ11
Unknown
CALM1
CACNA2D1
Calcium
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Dalfampridine
Potassium
Acetylcholine
Choline
Choline
Calcium
Calcium
Potassium
Potassium
Calcium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Calcium
Dalfampridine
Dalfampridine
Acetyl-CoA
Choline
Coenzyme A
Water
Acetic acid
Adenosine
triphosphate
cAMP
Inositol 1,4,5-
trisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol
4,5-
bisphosphate
Diacylglycerol
Phosphate
Phosphate
Calcium
Muscle
Contraction
Muscle
Relaxation
G Protien
Signalling
Cascade
Membrane
depolarization