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Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain Tropomyosin beta chain Beta-1 adrenergic receptor cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit Voltage- dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 Voltage- dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 Ryanodine receptor 2 Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Voltage- dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H Voltage- dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha Ephedrine Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Na+ Na+ Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Ephedrine ATP H2O Ca+ ADP Pi Ca+ Troponin Troponin Ca+ G-protein signalling cascade Muscle Contraction Cardiomyocyte Cytosol Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium binding to troponin displaces tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites on the actin filaments Myosin, with an ADP and phosphate attached, binds to actin to form a cross bridge. Myosin performs a powerstroke, drawing the actin filaments together. Many actin filaments pulled together at the same time leads to muscle contraction. Actin Filament Myosin Filament The beta-1 adrenergic receptor is coupled to and activates the G-protein signalling cascade. the G-protein signalling cascade activates protein kinase which activates calcium channels on the membrane, resulting in calcium influx. Calcium activates the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
TPM1 TPM2 ADRB1 PRKAR1A CACNA1C CACNA2D2 CACNB1 RYR2 SLC8A1 CACNA1H CACNA1G ATP2A2 PRKACA Ephedrine Calcium Calcium Calcium Sodium Sodium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Ephedrine Adenosine triphosphate Water Calcium Adenosine diphosphate Phosphate Calcium Troponin Troponin Calcium G-protein signalling cascade Muscle Contraction