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Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor Gγ cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit Sodium- dependent noradrenaline transporter Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 Adenylate cyclase type 10 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 Voltage- dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B Dopamine beta- hydroxylase Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase Ca+ Norepinephrine Methylphenidate Norepinephrine cAMP Norepinephrine Ca+ Methylphenidate Methylphenidate Dopamine Ascorbic acid O2 Dehydroascorbic acid H2O L-Dopa CO2 L-Tyrosine ATP Pyrroloquinoline quinone Copper Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Fe2+ Magnesium Neuronal Excitability Cytosol Presynaptic Neuron The inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake receptors by Methylphenidate causes more norepinephrine to accumulate in the synapse, causing the continual activation of the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor Synapse Synaptic Vesicle Norepinephrine is produced in the locus coeruleus Prefrontal Cortex Activation of Alpha2-A receptors activates the Gi signalling cascade which leads to reduced cAMP. Reduced cAMP results in decreased neural excitability. This results in reduced movement and impulsivity. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown. Cytosol Prefrontal Cortex Increased norepinephrine activates Alpha-2A adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex which are involved in regulating working memory function and other possible unknown functions. In low doses, Methylphenidate selectively activates norepinephrine neurotransmission, Blood-Brain Barrier Diffusion
ADRA2A GNG2 PRKAR1B SLC6A2 GNAI1 GNB1 ADCY10 PRKACA PRKACB PRKAR1A PRKACG PRKAR2B PRKAR2A SLC18A2 CACNA2D1 CACNA2D2 CACNA1B DBH DDC TH Calcium Norepinephrine Methylphenidate Norepinephrine cAMP Norepinephrine Calcium Methylphenidate Methylphenidate Dopamine Ascorbic acid Oxygen Dehydroascorbic acid Water L-Dopa Carbon dioxide L-Tyrosine Adenosine triphosphate Neuronal Excitability