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Ca+ Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain Tropomyosin beta chain Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Ryanodine receptor 2 Voltage- depenent L-type calcium channel Voltage- depenent L-type calcium channel Voltage- depenent L-type calcium channel cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Voltage-gated T-type calcium channel (ICaT) Voltage-gated T-type calcium channel (ICaT) Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha Epinephrine Enflurane Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Na+ Na+ Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Enflurane Enflurane ATP H2O Ca+ ADP Pi Ca+ Ca+ Troponin Troponin G-Protein Signaling Cascade Muscle Contraction Cardiac Myocyte Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Low calcium is unable to bind to troponin to displace tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites on the actin filaments Myosin and actin are unbound allowing the filaments to slide further apart, resulting in muscle relaxation Actin Filament Myosin Filament The beta-1 adrenergic receptor is coupled to and activates the G-protein signalling cascade. The G-protein signalling cascade activates protein kinase which activates calcium channels on the membrane, resulting in calcium influx. Low calcium is unable to activate the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cytosol Since calcium is linked to activation of muscle contraction. Reducing cytosolic calcium levels reduces muscle contraction Epinephrine stimulation effect of the heart is reduced as intracellular calcium levels are lowered by Enflurane blocking channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum T-tubule Enflurane is administered via respiratory inhalation Enflurane inhibits calcium release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium TPM1 TPM2 ADRB1 RYR2 CACNA1C CACNA2D2 CACNB1 PRKAR1A SLC8A1 CACNA1H CACNA1G ATP2A2 PRKACA Epinephrine Enflurane Calcium Calcium Calcium Sodium Sodium Calcium Calcium Calcium Enflurane Enflurane Adenosine triphosphate Water Calcium Adenosine diphosphate Phosphate Calcium Calcium Troponin Troponin G-Protein Signaling Cascade Muscle Contraction