Browsing Pathways
Showing 49801 -
49810 of 49833 pathways
SMPDB ID | Pathway | Chemical Compounds | Proteins |
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SMP0063764 |
Protein
Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKAcAMP dependent protein kinase is a signalling molecule, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells. Cellular regulation and signal transduction in eukaryotic cells is driven by the phosphorylation of proteins. cAMP dependent protein kinase is created as an active enzyme, which is made possible by a fully phosphorylated activation loop.
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SMP0059881 |
Drug Action
Acrivastine H1-Antihistamine ActionAcrivastine is a second-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.
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SMP0000083 |
Drug Action
Acetylsalicylic Acid Action PathwayAcetylsalicylic acid, also known as ASA or aspirin, belongs to a class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, aspirin also acts as an analgesic, antipyretic and antithrombotic agent. Like most other NSAIDs, aspirin exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2, better known as cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 or simply COX-1 and -2. COX-1 and -2 catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is the precursor to a number of other prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, involved in pain, fever and inflammation. The antipyretic properties of aspirin arise from inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus. Interference with adhesion and migration of granulocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages at sites of inflammation account for its anti-inflammatory effects. The analgesic effects of aspirin likely occur due to peripheral action at the site of injury and possibly within the CNS. Aspirin is unique from other NSAIDs in that it is an irreversible COX inhibitor. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates a serine side chain of COX rendering the enzyme inactive. Enzyme activity can only be regained by production of more cyclooxygenase. This unique property of aspirin and its higher selectivity for COX-1 over COX-2 makes it an effective antiplatelet agent. Platelets contain COX-1, a key enzyme in the production thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation. Since platelets lack the ability to make more enzyme, TXA2 production is inhibited for the lifetime of the platelet (approximately 8 – 12 days). Aspirin is commonly used at low doses to prevent cardiovascular events such as strokes and heart attacks. At higher doses, aspirin may be used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. Aspirin may cause gastric irritation and bleeding by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins that enhance and maintain the protective gastric mucous layer.
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SMP0000640 |
Acetaminophen Metabolism PathwayAcetaminophen (APAP) is metabolized primarily in the liver. Glucuronidation is the main route, accounting for 45-55% of APAP metabolism, and is mediatied by UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B15 in the liver and UGT1A10 in the gut. APAP can also by metabolized via sulfation, accounting for 30-35% of the metabolism. In the liver, this step is catalyzed by the sulfotransferases SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1. Moreover, APAP can also be activated to form the toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) under the mediation of CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6 CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2A6.
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SMP0000710 |
Drug Action
Acetaminophen Action PathwayAcetaminophen (also named paracetamol or APAP) is not a Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, it still can be used to treat pain and fever. Acetaminophen can block prostaglandin synthesis by the action of inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 catalyze the arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2, and also catalyze prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2 in the metabolism pathway. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in many animal model's cell is caused by presence of acetaminophen.
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SMP0000269 |
Drug Action
Acenocoumarol Action PathwayAcenocoumarol (also known as Nitrowarfarin or Sinthrome) is an anticoagulant that inhibit the liver enzyme vitamin K reductase, which cause Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide could not be catalyzed by vitamin K reductase to form vitamin KH2, the reduced form of vitamin K. Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, and X) requires its cofactor, vitamin K to facilitate the activation and gamma-carboxylation. Inhibition of vitamin K reductase results in reduced concentration of vitamin KH2, which will ultimately lead to decreased coagulability of the blood and reduced cleavage of fibrinogen into fibrin.
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SMP0000296 |
Drug Action
Acebutolol Action PathwayAcebutolol (also known as Sectral or Prent) is a selective β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist (beta blocker), which can be used for treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). Acebutolol also has the ability to mild intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) with effective range of dosage. Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) can activate β1 adrenergic receptor so that the heart rate and output will be increased. Renin is a hormone that generated from kidney, which could lead to constriction of blood vessels. Beta blockers could efficiently prohibit renin release.
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SMP0000265 |
Drug Action
Abciximab Action PathwayAbciximab (also known as c7E3 Fab) is integrin (integrin alpha-IIb and integrin beta-3) receptor antagonist. Binding of abciximab to integrin receptor will block any large molecule to attach on the receptor, which will lead to block any associated signal transduction pathways.
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SMP0000737 |
Drug Action
Abacavir Action PathwayAbacavir (also known as Ziagen or Epzicom) is an antiviral agent that is used for treating HIV/AID. Cellular enzyme converts abacavir to its activate metabolite, carbovir triphosphate, for inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by competing with dGTP, which is the natural substrate of RT. Without HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, complementary DNA (cDNA) could not be generated; therefore, viral DNA couldn't be completed.
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SMP0000143 |
Disease
5-Oxoprolinuria5-Oxoprolinuria (5-Oxoprolinase deficiency) is a result of a defect in the gamma-glutamyl cycle due to either 5-oxoprolinase or glutathione synthetase deficiency. In the case of glutathione synthetase deficiency, the glycine is not incorporated into gamma-glutamylcysteine. In the case of 5-oxoprolinase, however, pyroglutamic acid accumulates. Symptoms include anemia, mental retardation, metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress and urolithiasis.
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Showing 49801 -
49810 of 49833 pathways