Browsing Pathways

(9Z)-Tricos-9-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (9Z)-tricos-9-enoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (9Z)-tricos-9-enoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (9Z)-tricos-9-enoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (9Z)-tricos-9-enoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (9Z)-tricos-9-enoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (9Z)-tricos-9-enoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (9Z)-tricos-9-enoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (9Z)-Tricos-9-enoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (9Z)-tricos-9-enoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(7Z,10Z,13E)-Tricosa-7,10,13-trienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (7Z,10Z,13E)-Tricosa-7,10,13-trienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (7Z,10Z,13E)-tricosa-7,10,13-trienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(13Z,16Z,19Z)-Tricosa-13,16,19-trienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (13Z,16Z,19Z)-Tricosa-13,16,19-trienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (13Z,16Z,19Z)-tricosa-13,16,19-trienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(13Z,16Z)-Tetracosa-13,16-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (13Z,16Z)-Tetracosa-13,16-dienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (13Z,16Z)-tetracosa-13,16-dienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-9,12,15,18,21-pentaenoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. First,tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoic acid is transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), where it undergoes a reaction to formtetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA, facilitated by the Long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA to the compound. tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA then enters a reaction with L-carnitine, which is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2, to form tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine, catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane, and as the reaction takes place, the tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine and CoA are catalyzed by the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA then enters into mitochondrial beta-oxidation to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine and CoA in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, preventing tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoyl-CoA from forming tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine and preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria. Malonyl-CoA can also react to form acetyl-CoA, in a reaction that removes a carbon dioxide molecule catalyzed by malonyl-CoA decarboxylase.

Epinephrine is a non-selective adrenergic receptor agonist drug used to treat allergic reactions, to restore cardiac rhythm, and to control mucosal congestion, glaucoma, and asthma. It is usually administered intravenously. It targets the bronchiole smooth muscle where it aims to produce relaxation of these muscles to allow for greater airflow into the lungs. Activation of beta-2 adrenergic receptor by Epinephrine activates the Gs signaling pathway. This involves the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which convert ATP to cAMP. This results in high levels of cAMP in the cytosol, which leads to activation of protein kinase A (PKA). For muscle contraction to occur, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) must phosphorylate myosin light chain. This phosphorylated myosin light chain interacts with actin to produce muscle contraction. MLCK can be activated by a calcium-calmodulin complex. On the other hand, myosin light chain phosphorylase catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated myosin light chain, thus causing relaxation. PKA inactivates the enzyme MLCK, preventing it from phosphorylating myosin light chain. PKA may also perform phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, for example, Gq-coupled receptors, leading to a cascade of intracellular signals which reduce intracellular Ca2+, and therefore reduce activation of the MLCK present in the cytosol. These two mechanisms result in inactivation/reduced activation of MLCK, and as a result, muscle contraction is inhibited and since the dephosphorylated myosin light chain kinase accumulates rather than the phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase, muscle relaxation is enhanced. This allows for greater airflow and is beneficial in conditions like asthma where the individual experiences bronchospasm.