Browsing Pathways
Showing 123771 -
123780 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID | Pathway Name and Description | Pathway Class | Chemical Compounds | Proteins |
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SMP0000255View Pathway |
Kanamycin Action PathwayKanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that can used for inhibiting protein synthesis of bacteria, which can be used for treating bacterial infections and tuberculosis. Kanamycin can bind to bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit protein and four nucleotides of 16S rRNA irreversibly to inhibit the formation of mRNA. Binding of kanamycin can interfere the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA that can interact with wobble base of the anticodon of tRNA, which lead to misreading of mRNA and wrong insertion of amino acids. The result is the nonfunctional or toxic peptides that is generated from the ribosome. Aminoglycosides can be used for treating bacterial infections from aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria and also Gram-postive bacteria. However, aminoglycosides may cause more damage to the host than other antibiotics for Gram-positive bacterial infection. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses.
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SMP0126753View Pathway |
Kanamycin Action Pathway (new)Kanamycin is an antibiotic from the aminoglycoside family. It is used to treat a variety of infections caused by different bacteria. This drug is administered orally, intravenously, or by an intramuscular injection. Kanamycin is derived from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It acts by binding irreversibly to the 30S subunit of the ribosome and 16S rRNA as it interferes with protein synthesis and wobble base pairing in tRNA. Specifically, this drug binds four nucleotides of the 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of the S12 protein. Interference in protein synthesis causes misreading leading to non-functional and toxic peptides, leading to the death of the bacteria. Like most aminoglycosides, it is associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
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SMP0143591View Pathway |
Kanamycin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0121060View Pathway |
Kandutsch-Russell Pathway (Cholesterol Biosynthesis)The Kandutsch-Russell pathway is the alternative pathway stemming from the mevalonate pathway completing cholesterol biosynthesis. The Bloch pathway and the Kandutsch-Russell pathway are both key to a functioning human body as cholesterol aids in the development of many important nutrients and hormones, such as vitamin D. Starting in the endoplasmic reticulum, lanosterol is the first compound used in this pathway, and when catalyzed by delta(24)-sterol-reductase, becomes 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. 24,25-Dihydrolanosterol is quickly converted to 4,4-dimethyl-14a-hydroxymethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol with the help of the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. This same enzyme, lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, is also responsible for the conversion of 4,4-dimethyl-14a-hydroxymethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol into 4,4-dimethyl-14a-formyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol. Lanosterol 14alpha demethylase is used once more here, to push the pathway into the inner nuclear membrane, converting 4,4-dimethyl-14a-formyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol into 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol. Now located in the inner nuclear membrane, 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,14-dien-3b-ol is converted into 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol through the help of a lamin-b receptor. Entering the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, methylsterol monooxygenase 1 is used to convert 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol into 4a-hydroxymethyl-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol. 4a-Hydroxymethyl-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol then uses methylsterol monooxygenase 1 to become 4a-formyl-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol. Once again, methylsterol monooxygenase 1 is used to convert 4a-formyl-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol into 4a-carboxy-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol. Now using sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, 4a-carboxy-4b-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol is turned into 4a-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3-one. This puts the pathway in the cell membrane, where a 3-keto-steroid reductase is used to convert 4a-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-one into 4a-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3-ol. Moving back into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, methylsterol monooxygenase 1 converts 4a-methyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3-ol into 4a-hydroxymethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol. Methylsterol monooxygenase is used twice more in this pathway, first converting 4a-hydroxymethyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol into 4a-formyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol, then converting 4a-formyl-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol into 4a-carboxy-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol. Now using sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3 dehydrogenase, 4a-carboxy-5a-cholesta-8-en-3b-ol becomes 5a-cholesta-8-en-3-one and brings the pathway back to the cell membrane. 5a-Cholesta-8-en-3-one teams up with a 3-keto-steroid reductase to create 5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol. Then, stepping back into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, 5a-cholest-8-en-3b-ol enlists the help of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-delta(8),delta(7)-isomerase to produce lathosterol. Lathosterol and lathosterol oxidase work together to make 7-dehydrocholesterol . Finally, 7-dehydrocholesterol partners with 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase to create cholesterol, completing the final step in cholesterol biosynthesis.
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SMP0143779View Pathway |
Kaolin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0130607View Pathway |
Kappadione Drug MetabolismKappadione is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Kappadione passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.
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SMP0144427View Pathway |
Kappadione Drug Metabolism Action Pathway |
Drug Action
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SMP0128397View Pathway |
Karaya gum Drug Metabolism |
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SMP0124796View Pathway |
Karen |
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SMP0123002View Pathway |
Karla vanessa villalobos zavala |
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Showing 123771 -
123780 of 131430 pathways